1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups Chapter 9 “The only sin which we never forgive in each other is difference of opinion.” – Ralph Waldo Emerson Society and Solitude, 1870

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. What Is a Group? Group Groups have a number of other benefits:

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. The Composition and Functions of Groups

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Social Norms Social Roles

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Gender Roles

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Group Cohesiveness Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between members.

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Social Facilitation: When the Presence of Others Energizes Us Social Facilitation

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Social Facilitation: When the Presence of Others Energizes Us

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Why the Presence of Others Causes Arousal 1.Other people cause us to become particularly alert and vigilant. 2.They make us apprehensive about how we’re being evaluated. 3.They distract us from the task at hand.

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Social Loafing: When the Presence of Others Relaxes Us Social Loafing

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Gender and Cultural Differences in Social Loafing

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Deindividuation: Getting Lost in the Crowd Deindividuation The loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can’t be identified (such as when they are in a crowd), leading to an increase in impulsive and deviant acts.

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Reason #1: Deindividuation Makes People Feel Less Accountable Reason #2: Deindividuation Increases Obedience to Group Norms

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Group Decisions: Are Two (or More) Heads Better Than One?

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Process Loss: When Group Interactions Inhibit Good Problem Solving Process Loss Any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving.

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Failure to Share Unique Information Groups tend to focus on the information they share and ignore facts known to only some members of the group.

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Transactive Memory

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Groupthink: Many Heads, One Mind Groupthink

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Avoiding the Groupthink Trap A wise leader can take several steps to avoid groupthink: Remain impartial, Seek outside opinions, Create subgroups, Seek anonymous opinions.

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Group Polarization: Going to Extremes Group Polarization The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members.

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Leadership in Groups Great Person Theory

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Leadership Styles Transactional Leaders Transformational Leaders

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. The Right Person in the Right Situation Contingency Theory of Leadership

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. The Right Person in the Right Situation Task-Oriented Leader Relationship-Oriented

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Gender and Leadership

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Conflict and Cooperation

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Social Dilemmas Social Dilemma A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone.

28. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Social Dilemmas

29. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Increasing Cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma Tit-for-Tat Strategy A means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) on the previous trial.

30. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Other Kinds of Social Dilemmas Public Goods Dilemma A social dilemma in which individuals must contribute to a common pool in order to maintain the public good. Commons Dilemma A social dilemma in which everyone takes from a common pool of goods that will replenish itself if used in moderation but will disappear if overused.

31. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Using Threats to Resolve Conflict

32. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Negotiation and Bargaining Negotiation Integrative Solution