1. 1 Notes 3/25 Essays back end of class Quiz Thursday 3/27 No items today What about those boxes?

2. 2 The Seams of Pangea Close!!! The End of Prehistory!! World Systems Begin!! Today:

3. 3 Spanish and Mexican SW Environmental History Historical Documents Methods Spanish Explorers & Climate Huge cultural & Technological differences Spanish History and Institutions –Crown and Church Mexican Period (very brief)

4. 4 Historical Methods: Examples Inscriptions– El Morro NM Diaries, including indirect observations –First robin of spring etc. Governmental records (census) Church Records (birth/death/marriage) Private estate records (taxes) Land survey records/scarred trees

5. 5 Historical Methods: Eyewitness Accounts Temporal proximity? Spatial proximity? Expert or amateur? Changes in recorders? Scaled data or opinions? –28°F. vs. “Very cold”

6. 6 Historical Documents: Can They Be Trusted? Purpose of document? Biased recorder? –Extreme events –Budget motives Was the witness willing to tell the truth? Independent corroboration** KEY***

7. Worlds Collide: Columbian Consequences Columbus—1492,1493, 1498, 1502 7 http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/ Cortez—1521-- Mexico Pizarro—1532--Peru

8. 8 Spanish Explorers/Colonizers of the Southwest Alvar Nunez de Cabeza de Vaca don Diego de Vargas Francisco Vázquez de Coronado don Juan de Oñate

9. 9 Spanish Explorers of the Southwest Francisco Vázquez de Coronado –Search for 7 Cities of Cibola –1540-1542 –300 Spaniards –700 Indian Auxiliaries –1000s of head of Livestock –An INVASION

10. 10 Coronado’s Route in AZ? Maps lost Documents vague Names ambiguous –Despoblado ??? –Disease??? Native guides may have been lost –No longer familiar with AZ Highlands? to Pecos Zuni Culiacan Tucson

11. Coronado and Climate Chama=Red, Jemez=Black 11 1532-1548

12. 12 1598: Don Juan de Oñate Lead 500 colonists from Mexico to New Mexico Livestock, supplies Traveled through Rio Grande Pueblo country First Spanish settlement in the American Southwest, near Santa Fe. Fighting between the Spanish and Native Americans--- Acoma

13. Onate and Climate Chama=Red, Jemez=Black 13 1598 1610

14. 14 Revolt and Reconquest encomienda= tribute repartimiento=paid forced labor 1680 Pueblo Revolt –Puebloans organized and revolted against Spanish settlements –Pope-- Pecos –Spaniards retreated to El Paso 1692 Reconquest –don Diego de Vargas

15. Conflict and Climate 15 1680 1692

16. 16 Yalu’s Question? Intelligence? –Racist Technological ability? –Proximate Cold vs. warm climate? –Exceptions exist

17. 17 Continental Axes Differ Easier to share ideas & plants across longitude Latitudinal sharing hindered by climate, environmental barriers

18. 18 Domestication dates Early in Eurasia Late in the Americas –Little independent domestication in SW

19. 19 Mammalian Domestication Few candidates in the Americas (Llama, Alpaca) In the SW: turkey and dog only

20. 20 Infectious Disease Eurasians evolved with it, Americans didn’t Germs could invade prior to the people Devastating– 95% Mortality?

21. Modern Homework: Disease Killed: 20 M world wide Infected 25% of pop Killed 600,000 US 21 Influenza Pandemic 1918 Most deaths: 20-40 y/olds Most deaths: Sept-Nov

22. 22 According to Diamond: Environmental determinism –Grand-scale geography key Eurasians had environmental advantages –Domesticated plants and animals early –Shared ideas easily –Developed metallurgy and writing –Co-evolved with infectious diseases Dominated Americans at first contact

23. 23 Environmental Determinism (ED) vs. Environmentalism ED = Environment sole determinant –Equatorial cultures unproductive: hot –Temperate cultures productive cooler –Racist, now discredited Environmentalism –Environmental exerts influence, but not sole determinant – Culture plays a major role

24. 24 More Spanish Explorers of the Southwest Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino –1692-1711 –Reached Tucson –Jesuit –Technology –Livestock –Agriculture What did he see?

25. 25 Spanish Presidios Military Forts Protection –Indian Raiding Livestock (cattle, horses) abundant Farming nearby Tucson, Tubac, El Paso Ended in 1821.

26. 26 Spanish Missions San Xavier del Bac (White Dove of the Desert) –Kino 1692 –1770s rebuilt by Franciscans –Just SW of Tucson –Still active church –Still active farming Tumacácori. http://www.smrc-missiontours.com/

27. 27 European  Native American Exchange Cattle, Horses Sheep, Goats, Pigs Citrus, Figs Metal tools Guns Distilled Alcohol Epidemic Diseases Writing

28. 28 Native American  European Exchange Corn Beans Squash Turkey Chili Pepper Tomatillo Sunflower Walnut Acorn Mesquite Bean Agave Pine Nut Amaranth Chocolate

29. 29 1800s Historical Dates Mexican Independence 1821 Mexican-American War1846 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 Gadsden Purchase1854

30. 30 Mexican Independence, 1821 Several large stock grants in AZ, 1820s Abandoned 1830s and 1840s –Apache raiding

31. 31 Spanish-Mexican SW Historical observations of people and environments –Not without limitations Introduction of new environmental facets –Domesticated animals –Wheat –Diseases Beginning of grazing in SW