1. Congress

2. For Tuesday Enduring Debate CH4 110- #1 122 #1 Pg 139 #1,2 Read a Political Blog

3. Representation What do you think of when you think of representation? What qualities are desirable in in a representative? How ought a representative represent? DelegateTrustee

4. Congress Article 1 Enumerated Powers Implied Powers Framer’s Expected to dominate Bicameralism Check on self Check on self Great Compromise Great Compromise

5. Senate More elite More Deliberative Indirect Election Changed by 17 th amendment 1913 Changed by 17 th amendment 1913 6 year terms New Jersey Plan Equal Representation Among States Equal Representation Among States Represent Whole States 2 Senators per state

6. The framers and the House of Representatives Expected to be more populist 2 year terms Direct Election Virginia Plan Representation Based on Population Representation Based on PopulationApportionment By Population By Population 435 seats total 435 seats total 1 (MT, ND, SD, AK,WY,VT) 1 (MT, ND, SD, AK,WY,VT) 53 (CA) 53 (CA)

7. Apportionment Census Power to states Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) Average district 647,000 Gerrymandering Texas Redistricting Drama

8. Checks and Balances Over President Approve Nominees Approve Nominees Override Veto (2/3) Override Veto (2/3) Declare War Declare War Impeachment Impeachment Over Courts Confirm appointees Confirm appointees Control Structure of lower courts Control Structure of lower courts Impeachment Impeachment

9. House and Senate House much bigger, more unwieldy Senate- more manageable Committees in both to ease work load Senate- Multiple memberships House- Powerful Leadership

10. Leadership and the House Speaker of the House Most Powerful position Elected 2 nd in line to presidency Minority Leader Various amounts of power Whip Majority Majority Minority Minority

11. Leadership in the Senate Less Important President Pro Tempore Majority and Minority Leaders Late 19 th Century Development Late 19 th Century DevelopmentSpokesman Seek party unity on issues Majority and Minority Whip

12. How a bill becomes a law Introduced in either house By a member By a member Revenue bills must originate in house Revenue bills must originate in house Assigned to a committee Hearings? Hearings? Discharge Petition? Discharge Petition? Given a “rule”

13. How a bill becomes a law Floor Debate AmendmentsFilibuster Cloture ClotureVote Conference Committee Send to president Veto Override Challenging system for new bills

14. What Determines Votes Public Opinion Interest Group Pressure Personal Beliefs Logrolling

15. Committees Provide for expertise Provide first hurdle a bill must clear House- Rules Committee Standing Committees Appropriations Committee Ad Hoc Conference Committees Assignment based on party strength Chairs typically handed out by seniority

16. Oversight Congressional review of actions of agencies, departments, offices Ensure following spirit of law House Oversight Committee Government Accounting Office

17. Parties Federalist 10- Factions Gradual Emergence Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic- Republicans Gradual Emergence

18. Parties Provide Structure to congress Unite Diverse Interests Unite Diverse Interests Leadership based on parties Leadership based on parties Provide electoral support

19. Strength of Partisanship In public, up and down In congress- Up Up Up Increased Party coherence Increased polarization Realignment

20. Divided Government Legislative and Executive branch from different parties More frequent recently Causes? Differences in electoral districts Differences in electoral districts Madisonian system Madisonian system Giving the people what they want Giving the people what they want

21. Divided Government- Consequences Gridlock? More vetoes Major legislation? About the same amount Investigations? About the same number

22. What determines decisions on bills? Party Shapes individual ideology Shapes individual ideology Specific party preferences Specific party preferencesCaucuses Interest Groups Pluralism Pluralism The Public?

23. The public, Congress, and Representation Elections Provide accountability Money? Money? Incumbency Incumbency Public Opinion

24. Public Opinion and Congress Divide Hate Congress Hate Congress Love your Congressman Love your Congressman Public may have opinions on issues Large shifts in opinion -> changes in policy District level Congruence in some policy domains Strongest in states with referendum Strongest in states with referendum

25. Public Opinion and Congress Can reign in lobbyists When is public opinion influential? When it sends a clear message When it moves dramatically When Issue is Salient Limits Not all issues salient Public opinion shifts

26. The public and representation DelegateTrusteePolitico