1. 1750-1914

2.  great acceleration in rate of technological innovation, leading to an enormously increased output of goods & services  new sources of energy  a culture of innovation  widespread & almost obsessive belief that things could be endlessly improved  put W.Europe into position of global dominance  only nations that industrialized had chance to compete w/ W.Europe  spread unevenly & is a continuing process  “developed”, “developing”, “undeveloped” nations

3.  preceded by Scientific Revolution  numerous small, competitive states  governments supported merchant class  govts needed revenue they provided  encourage innovation & commerce  global contact w/culturally different people  bring back foreign goods as stimulus ▪ ex. Indian cotton cloth, Chinese porcelain  can draw on world’s natural resources

4.  unplanned & unexpected, c1750  factors of production were ideal  large labor force (unemployed farmers) ▪ farmlands “enclosed” & agricultural innovations  infrastructure: road & canal networks  geographic luck ▪ coal & iron ore, protection from conquest  stability  global empire provided natural resources  government pro-capitalist  limited monarchy

5. Britain Germany, France, Belgium USA

6. JAMES WATT’S STEAM ENGINE  constant innovation THE POWER LOOM STEAM LOCOMOTIVE THE STEAMBOAT

7. 18001 ton of coal50, 000 miners185030 tons200, 000 miners 1880300 million tons500, 000 miners 1914250 million tons1, 200, 000 miners Coal Mining Output & Laborers in Britain: 1800-1914 British Pig Iron Production: 1750-1870 British Cotton Textile Production: 1800: 52,000,000 lbs. cotton used 1850: 588,000,000 lbs cotton used

8. Length of Railroad Lines Open (in kilometers)

9.  The Aristocracy  owned most farmland & dominated politics  rivaled by industrialized businessmen  many became settlers or administrators in overseas colonies  The Middle Class  Self-made factory & mine owners, bankers, merchants  live aristocratic life  central value = respectability

10.  The Laboring Class  manual workers  impacted most by new urbanization ▪ majority of British population in cities ▪ overcrowded, unsanitary, periodic epidemics, tenement housing, inadequate water supply, few public services  factory system:  workers produce manufactured goods in one place using machines for regular wage  long hours, low wages, monotonous labor, dangerous  children & young women oftentimes used

14.  Luddites  movement for working man’s vote  women’s rights & suffrage movement  trade unions develop  socialist & utopian ideals form & spread  challenge capitalist society & social problems it developed  “Marxism”

15.  Communism (“Marxism”)  Karl Marx  The Communist Manifesto, 1848 ▪ history is the story of class struggle ▪ oppressor vs. oppressed ▪ bourgeoisie vs. proletariat ▪ Marx’s observations: ▪ under capitalism, the industrial workers are exploited by their bosses ▪ Goal of communism? ▪ Abolish capitalism & class system! ▪ How? ▪ Revolution of workers & redistribute wealth evenly ▪ No private property; all is shared in the workers’ paradise!