1. Spike timing dependent plasticity - STDP Markram et. al. 1997 +10 ms -10 ms Pre before Post: LTP Post before Pre: LTD

2. Pre follows Post: Long-term Depression Pre t Pre Post t Post Synaptic change % Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity: Temporal Hebbian Learning Weight-change curve (Bi&Poo, 2001) Pre t Pre Post t Post Pre precedes Post: Long-term Potentiation Acausal Causal (possibly)

3. Overview over different methods You are here !

4. I. Pawlow History of the Concept of Temporally Asymmetrical Learning: Classical Conditioning

6. I. Pawlow History of the Concept of Temporally Asymmetrical Learning: Classical Conditioning Correlating two stimuli which are shifted with respect to each other in time. Pavlov’s Dog: “Bell comes earlier than Food” This requires to remember the stimuli in the system. Eligibility Trace: A synapse remains “eligible” for modification for some time after it was active (Hull 1938, then a still abstract concept).

7.   0 = 1 11 Unconditioned Stimulus (Food) Conditioned Stimulus (Bell) Response  X   + Stimulus Trace E The first stimulus needs to be “remembered” in the system Classical Conditioning: Eligibility Traces

8. I. Pawlow History of the Concept of Temporally Asymmetrical Learning: Classical Conditioning Eligibility Traces Note: There are vastly different time-scales for (Pavlov’s) behavioural experiments: Typically up to 4 seconds as compared to STDP at neurons: Typically 40-60 milliseconds (max.)

9. Overview over different methods Mathematical formulation of learning rules is similar but time-scales are much different.

10.   Early: “Bell” Late: “Food” x Differential Hebb Learning Rule XiXi X0X0 Simpler Notation x = Input u = Traced Input V V’(t) uiui u0u0

11. Defining the Trace In general there are many ways to do this, but usually one chooses a trace that looks biologically realistic and allows for some analytical calculations, too. EPSP-like functions:  -function: Double exp.: This one is most easy to handle analytically and, thus, often used. Dampened Sine wave: Shows an oscillation. k kk

12. Defining the Traced Input u Convolution used to define the traced input, Correlation used to calculate weight growth (see below). uw

13. Defining the Traced Input u u Specifically (we are dealing with causal functions!): If x is a spike train (using the  -function): Then: For example:

14. Differential Hebb Rules – The Basic Rule General: Two inputs only. Thus we get for the output: w 0 =1=const. One weight unchanging: Same h for all inputs. ISO rule Isotropic Sequence Order Lng. (as we can also allow w 0 to change!) The basic rule: ISO-Learning

15. Differential Hebb Rules – More rules (but why?) ISO3 Three factor learning The denotes that we are only using positive contributions ISO3 - Learning ICO Input correlation Learning (as we take the derivative of the unchanging input u 0 ) ICO - Learning

16. Stability Analysis   x X1X1 X0X0 V u1u1 u0u0 AC CC X0X0 X1X1 Inputs

17. Stability Analysis Desired contribution Undesired contribution Some problems with these differential equations: 1) As we are integrating to ∞ strictly we need to assume that there is no second pulse pair coming in “ever”. 2) Furthermore we should assume that w 1 ’ →0 (hence  small) or we get second order influences, too.

18. Stability Analysis (ISO) Under these assumptions we can calculate  w AC and  w CC to find out whether the rules are stable or not. In general we assume two inputs: and and get for ISO: ISO is (only) asymptotically stable for t → ∞ X0X0 X1X1 Inputs T

19. Magn. of one step Stability Analysis for pulse pair inputs (ISO) w1w1 Setting x 0 =0 The remaining upward drift is only due to the AC term influence (Instable !) Single pairing relaxation behavior This shows that early arrival of a new pulse pair might easily fall into a not fully relaxed system. (Instable !) t ww Notice the AC contribution

20. Compare to STDP ISO: Weight change curve Learning Window (weight change curve) The weight change curve plots  w in dependence on the pulse pairing distance T in steps, where we define T>0 if the x 1 signal arrives before x 0 and T<0 else.

21. ISO rule The basic rule: ISO-Learning ICO Input correlation Learning (as we take the derivative of the unchanging input u 0 ) ICO - Learning Stability Analysis: Compare ISO with ICO Notice the difference

22. Stability Analysis: ICO Same as for ISO! Fully stable ! No more drift! ICO: Weight change curve (same as for ISO) Single pulse pair (no more AC term in ICO). ISO ICO t ww

23. ISO rule The basic rule: ISO-Learning ICO ICO - Learning Stability Analysis: More comparisons Conjoint learning-control- signal (same for all inputs !) Single input as designated learning-control-signal. Makes ICO a heterosynaptic rule of questionable biological realism.

24. Stability Analysis: More comparisons This difference is especially visible when wanting to symmetrize the rules (both weights can change!). ISO-Sym One control signal ! ICO-Sym Two control signals !

25. ICO-sym is truly symmetrical, but needs two control signals. ISO-sym behaves in a difficult and unstable oscillatory way. X0X0 X1X1 Inputs T Synapse w 1 grows because x 1 is before x 0. The Effects of Symmetry Synapse w 0 shrinks because x 0 is after x 1.

26. ISO3: uses – like ISO – a single learning-control-signal ISO3 ISO3 - Learning Idea: The system should learn ONLY at that moment in time when there was a “relevant” event r ! We use a shorter trace for r, as it should remain rather restricted in time. Same filter function h but parameters a r and b r. We also define T r as the interval between x 1 and r. Many times T r =T, hence r occurs together with x 0.

27. Stability Analysis: ISO3 Observations: 1)Cannot be solved anymore! 2)AC term is generally NOT equal to zero. 3)Not even asymptotic convergence can be generally assured. So what have we gained ? One can show that for T r =T the AC term vanishes if v has its maximum at T.

28. Stability Analysis: ISO3, graphical proof Maximum at T T Contributions of AC and CC graphically depicted as x 0 has not yet happened If we restrict learning to the moment when x 0 occurs then we do not have any AC contribution. !! A questionable assumption: argmax(u 1 ) = T !!

29. Stability Analysis: ISO3 Single pulse pair (ISO3 is stable and relaxes instantaneously). ISO ISO3 t ww Weight change curve (no more STDP!) No more upwards drift for ISO3

30. A General Problem: T is usually unknown and variable Introducing a filter bank: (example ISO) Spreading out the earlier input over time! Remember: “A questionable assumption: argmax(u 1 ) = T”

31. Stability Analysis: ISO3 with a filter bank With a filter bank we get for the output: Single weights develop now as: Original Rule was: CCAC With delta-function inputs at t=0 and t=T we get: It is possible to prove that this term becomes zero as a consequence of the learning!