1. Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction
AP Biology Perri Pfrommer

2. Types of Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
One parent
No sperm & egg fusion
Sexual Reproduction
Fusion of sperm & egg
Sea Anemone
Human Couple

3. Regenerating starfish
Asexual Reproduction
Types :
Fission (most common)
Budding
Fragmentation (followed by Regeneration)
Advantages :
Isolated animals can reproduce
Many offspring created
Regenerating starfish

4. Other Reproductive Options
Switch between Asexual and Sexual
Hermaphroditism
Male and Female systems
Sequential Hermaphroditism
Change during lifetime
Bees
earthworm
Blue-head Fish

5. Fertilization Two Types: Pheromones External Fertilization
Moist habitat
Lot of zygotes – small # develop
Internal Fertilization
Adaptation for Terrestrial Animals ->
Dry habitat
Less zygotes – more develop
Pheromones
Find a mate
Elephant

6. Ways to Protect Offspring
Internal Fertilization’s zygotes have greater protection
Tough Eggshells
Embryo can develop within reproductive tract
Snake Egg Shells
Kangaroo Baby-Pouch

7. Types of Gametogenesis - gamete production
Spermatogenesis (Males)
Sperm cells
Seminiferous Tubes
Constant production
Oogenesis (Females)
Egg cells
“resisting” periods

8. Female Hormones Hormones control Reproductive cycle
types of hormones
Gonadotropin – releasing hormone (GnRH)
Gonadotropin follicle – stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Main Female hormones
Estrogen
Progesterone

9. Male Hormones Principle Hormone – Androgens
Testosterone most important
Important part of male development
Deeper voice
Muscle growth

10. Embryo Development In 24 hours zygote divides
1 Week reaches embryonic stage – Blastocyst
Embryo gives off hormones
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
Human pregnancy – Three Trimesters, 266 Days

11. First Trimester 2-4 weeks (Organogenesis) Organs begin developing
embryo obtains nutrients
Trophoblast and Placenta form
(Organogenesis) Organs begin developing
8 weeks – Embryo is a Fetus
Changes for Mother as well
Ultrasound Photo

12. Second Trimester Growth/Activity Hormone stabilize Placenta develops
Pregnancy becomes Obvious

13. Third Trimester Activity decrease Mother’s abdominal organs displaced
Regulators+Hormones induce labor

14. Mother’s Immune System does not reject Baby Why??
Hypothesizes –
Trophoblast vs. T lymphocytes (T Cells)
Releasing molecules with immunosuppressive effects
Placenta vs. T Lymphocytes
Gives of enzymes

15. Modern Technology and Pregnancies
Ultrasounds
Blood Samples from Mother
Solutions to infertility problems
A.R.T
Hormone Therapy