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The Carbohydrates Sugars Starches Fiber Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning.

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Presentation on theme: "The Carbohydrates Sugars Starches Fiber Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning."— Presentation transcript:

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2 The Carbohydrates Sugars Starches Fiber Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

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4 Carbohydrates (CH 2 O) n Simple carbohydrates –Monosaccharides –Disaccharides Complex carbohydrates Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

5 Simple Carbohydrates Monosaccharides –C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose Fructose Galactose Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

6 Glucose Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

7 Fructose & Galactose

8 Condensation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

9 Hydrolysis Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

10 Disaccharides Maltose Sucrose Lactose Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

11 Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides –Glycogen –Starches –Fibers Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

12 Glycogen & Starch Molecules Compared (small Segments) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

13 Complex Carbohydrates Fibers –Cellulose –Hemicelluloses –Pectins Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

14 Complex Carbohydrates Fibers –Gums and mucilages –Lignin –Resistant starches Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

15 Complex Carbohydrates Fibers –Soluble fibers Viscous Fermentable Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

16 Complex Carbohydrates Fibers –Insoluble fibers Nonviscous (Phytic acid) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

17 Digestion Mouth –Salivary amylase Stomach –Fibers and satiety Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

18 Digestion Small intestine –Maltase, sucrase, lactase Pancreas –Pancreatic amylase Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

19 Digestion Available carbohydrates vs. unavailable carbohydrates Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

20 Carbohydrate Digestion in the GI Tract Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

21 Digestion Large intestine –Fermentation of viscous fibers Water, gas, short-chain fatty acid production Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

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23 Absorption Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

24 Lactose Intolerance Symptoms Causes –Lactase deficiency Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

25 Lactose Intolerance Prevalence Dietary changes –Does not require the elimination of milk/milk products –Acidophilus milk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

26 Glucose in the Body Energy Glycoproteins Glycolipids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

27 Carbohydrate Metabolism Storing glucose as glycogen Using glucose for energy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

28 Carbohydrate Metabolism Making glucose from protein –Gluconeogenesis –Protein-sparing action of carbohydrates Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

29 Carbohydrate Metabolism Making ketone bodies from fat fragments –Ketone bodies Ketosis –Acid-base balance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

30 Carbohydrate Metabolism Converting glucose to fat –Energetically expensive Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

31 Constancy of Blood Glucose Regulating hormones –Insulin –Glucagon –Epinephrine Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

32 Maintaining Blood Glucose Homeostasis Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

33 Constancy of Blood Glucose Diabetes –Type 1 diabetes Failure of insulin production –Type 2 diabetes Obesity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

34 Constancy of Blood Glucose Hypoglycemia –Rare in healthy people Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

35 Constancy of Blood Glucose Glycemic response –Glycemic index Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

36 Sugars Added sugars –Sucrose, invert sugar, corn syrups, etc. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

37 Sugars Health effects of sugars –Nutrient deficiencies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

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40 Sugars Health effects of sugars –Dental caries Dental plaque Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

41 Accusations Against Sugars Sugar causes obesity Sugar causes heart disease Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

42 Accusations Against Sugars Sugar causes misbehavior in children and criminal behavior in adults Sugar causes cravings and addictions –serotonin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

43 Recommended Intakes of Sugars DRI –No more than 25% of total daily energy intake Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

44 Starch and Fiber Health effects –Heart disease –Diabetes –GI health Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

45 Starch and Fiber Health effects –Cancer –Weight management –Harmful effects of excessive fiber intake Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

46 Viscous Fibers Soluble and more fermentable Gums and mucilages Pectins Psyllium Some hemicelluloses Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

47 Viscous Fibers Sources –Whole-grains, fruits, legumes, seeds and husks, vegetables –Extracted and used as food additives Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

48 Viscous Fibers Lower blood cholesterol Slow glucose absorption Slow transit of food through upper GI tract Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

49 Viscous Fibers Holds moisture in stools, softening them Yield small fat molecules that the colon can use for energy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

50 Viscous Fibers Lower risk of heart disease Lower risk of diabetes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

51 Viscous Fibers Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

52 Nonviscous Fibers Insoluble and less fermentable Cellulose Lignins Psyllium Resistant starch Many hemicelluloses Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

53 Nonviscous Fibers Sources –Brown rice, fruits, legumes, seeds, vegetables, wheat bran, whole grains –Extracted and used as food additives Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

54 Nonviscous Fibers Increase fecal weight Speed fecal passage through colon Provide bulk and feelings of fullness Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

55 Nonviscous Fibers Alleviate constipation Lower risks of diverticulosis, hemorrhoids, appendicitis May help with weight management Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

56 Nonviscous Fibers Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

57 Starch and Fiber RDA for carbohydrate –130 g/day –45% - 65% total daily energy intake Daily Value: 300 g/day Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

58 Starch and Fiber Fiber –Daily Value: 25 g/day –AI: 14 g/1000 kcal/day Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

59 Guidelines to Groceries Grains Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

60 Guidelines to Groceries Vegetables Fruits Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

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62 Guidelines to Groceries Milk and milk products Meats and meat alternatives Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

63 Alternatives to Sugar Artificial sweeteners vs. sugar replacers (nutritive sweeteners) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

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66 Alternatives to Sugar Saccharine and cancer Aspartame and PKU Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

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68 Metabolism of Aspartame

69 Alternatives to Sugar Stevia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

70 Alternatives to Sugar Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) Artificial sweeteners and weight control Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

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72 Sugar Alternatives on Food Labels


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