0. FINANCING AND GOVERNING AMERICA’S SCHOOLS
Chapter 7
Teachers, Schools, and Society
A Brief Introduction to Education
David Miller Sadker
Karen R. Zittleman

1. SCHOOL SEGREGATION AND POVERTY10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100%
100
Percentage of students in school who are black or Latino
Percentage of schools with majority in poverty

2. THE PUBLIC EDUCATION DOLLAR: WHERE THE MONEY COMES FROM
Source: Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Educational Statistics Common Core Data, “National Public Education Financial Survey,” U.S. Department of Education,

3. THE PUBLIC EDUCATION DOLLAR: WHERE THE MONEY GOES
Source: Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Educational Statistics Common Core Data, “National Public Education Financial Survey,” U.S. Department of Education,

4. DOES MONEY MATTER? Horatio Alger Myth Genetics
Culture of Local Control
Poverty
Flawed Studies
Previous Funding Increases Have Not Resulted in Achievement Gains

5. PUBLIC OPINION ON EDUCATION SPENDING8%
24%
60% 5%
26%
61% 6%
32%
50% 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Federal
State
Local
Too much
About the right amount
Too little
Source: National Education Association, Voter Commitment to Public Education, 2002,

6. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IMPACT THE CONDITION OF SCHOOLS
VENTILATION
HEATING
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
ACOUSTICS OR NOISE CONTROL
PHYSICAL BUILDING SECURITY
LIGHTING CONDITIONS
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Educational Statistics, Fast Response Survey System, Survey on the Condition of Public School Facilities, 1999.

7. STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL STATE SCHOOL SYSTEM
Source: Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Educational Statistics Common Core Data, “National Public Education Financial Survey,” U.S. Department of Education,

8. WHO CONTROLS WHAT? STATE GOVERNMENTS
Levy taxes
License teachers and other educators
Set standards for school attendance, safety, etc.
Outline minimum curricular and graduation standards (sometimes including specific textbooks to be used and competency tests for student graduation and teacher certification)
Regulate the nature and size of local school districts

9. WHO CONTROLS WHAT? LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICTS
Implement state regulations and policies
Create and implement local policies and practices for effective school administration
Hire school personnel
Provide needed funds and build appropriate facilities
Fix salaries and working conditions
Translate community needs into educational practice
Initiate additional curriculum, licensing, or other requirements beyond state requirements
Create current and long-range plans for the school district

10. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS
Source: National Association of Elementary School Principals, Educational Research Service ( ).

11. ELEMENTARY PRINCIPALS AND POWER
Q: What is your level of authority in selecting teachers for your school?
Have primary authority
45%
22%
29% 4%
Share authority with others in school
Share authority with central office
Have little or no authority
Q: Over what percent of your school’s budget do you have decision- making authority?
67%
<25%
25 to 49%
11% 7%
15%
50 to 75%
76 to 100%
Q: Is the authority to run your school in balance with the degree to which the school board and central administration hold you responsible when things go wrong?
Yes
72% No
28%
Source: National Association of Elementary School Principals, Educational Research Service ( ).

12. WHAT PRINCIPALS EARN Average salary Elementary $76,144 Middle School
$81,514
$86,938
Elementary
Middle School
High school
Average salary
Source: National Association of Elementary School Principals, Educational Research Service ( ).