1. Social Psychology The study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another

2. Social Thinking How do we think about one another?

3. Attribution Theory The idea that we give a casual explanation for someone's behavior We credit that behavior either to the situation or…. To the person’s disposition Was my friend a jerk because she had a bad day or is just a bad person?

4. Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of a situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition. How do you view your teacher’s behavior? You probably attribute it to their personality rather than their profession.

5. Attribution At Work

6. The Effects of Attribution Social Effects Political Effects Workplace Effects

7. Self-Serving Bias The tendency to attribute one’s success to personal factors and one’s failure’s to situational factors The tendency to take more credit for good outcomes and less for bad ones.

8. Attitudes A belief or feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to something. How might different attitudes respond to this picture?

9. Do our attitudes guide our actions? Only if…. External pressure is minimal. We are aware of our attitudes. The attitude is relevant to the behavior.

10. Attitudes

11. More often, our actions affect our attitudes.

12. Foot-in-the-door phenomenon The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. If I give out an answer on a quiz, what happens next?

13. Door-in-face Phenomenon The tendency for people who say no to a huge request, to comply with a smaller one. If you ask your parents for the 1952 Topps Mantle card ($15k) what would they say? NO But they may buy you a new playstation game.

14. Zimbardo Prison Study Role playing affects attitudes. What do you think happened when college students were made to take on the roles of prison guards and inmates.

15. What happens when we become aware that our attitudes don’t match or actions?

16. Cognitive Dissonance Theory We do not like when we have either conflicting attitudes or when our attitudes do not match our actions. When this happens – we experience tension called cognitive dissonance. When our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

17. Cognitive Dissonance Theory

18. How does cognitive dissonance theory play a part in pledging a fraternity?

19. Social Influences Group Influences & Group Dynamics

20. Conformity Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. How did you feel the first time someone asked you to smoke?

21. Solomon Asch’s Study

22. Conditions that Strengthen Conformity One is made to feel incompetent The group is at least three people The group is unanimous One admires the group’s status One had made no prior commitment The person is observed

23. Reasons for Conforming Normative Social Influence Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disappointment Informational Social Influence Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

24. Obedience Milgram’s Experiments

25. Milgram’s Obedience Study

26. Conditions that Strengthen Obedience The person giving the orders is close at hand and perceived to be a legitimate authority figure The authority figure is supported by a prestigious institution The victim is depersonalized or at a distance, even in another room There are no role models for defiance

27. What did we learn from Asch & Milgram? *Ordinary people can do shocking things! * Social influence in powerful!

28. Group Influence on Behavior Let’s look at how groups effect our behavior.

29. Social Facilitation Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others Occurs with simple or well learned tasks Does not occur with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered

30. Social Impairment When a task is very hard or one is not skilled (like my bowling), one performs worst in front of a group than if they were alone.

31. Yerkes- Dodson Law There is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of any task: easy tasks-- relatively high difficult tasks--low arousal other tasks-- moderate level

32. Social Loafing The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling efforts toward a common goal than if they were individually accountable.

33. Deindividuation The loss of self-awareness and self- restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

34. Group Polarization The concept that a group’s attitude is one of extremes and rarely moderate. As a group, both the Black Panthers and the Ku Klux Klan are more extreme than the average individual in the group.

35. Group Polarization

36. Groupthink The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides common sense (realistic appraisal of alternatives).

37. We also influence ourselves The Power of the Individual can be stronger than a group

38. Social Relations How do we relate to others? AttractionConflict and PrejudiceAltruism and PeacemakingAggression

39. Prejudice An unjustifiable attitude towards a group of people Usually involves stereotyped beliefs (a generalized belief about a group of people) Overt Subtle

40. Prejudice Over Time

41. Which person would you want to have a long term relationship with?

42. Social Inequalities (A principle reason behind prejudice ) Ingroup: “us”- people with whom one shares a common identity Outgroup: “them”- those perceived as different than one’s ingroup Ingroup bias: the tendency to favor one’s own group

43. Scapegoat Theory The theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

44. Why is there Prejudice? Categorization Vivid Cases (Availability heuristic) The Just-World Phenomenon

45. Aggression Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy In the U.S. we are MUCH more likely to be murdered compared to most other developed nations

46. Two types of Aggression Instrumental Aggression – when the aggressive act has a purpose Hostile Aggression – Aggression that has no clear purpose

47. The Biology of Aggression Genetics Neural Influences Biochemical

48. The Psychology of Aggression Frustration-Aggressive Principle: The blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal Creates anger which generates aggression Goals can be: Sports or work Relationship Body Condition etc…

49. Hot Weather and Aggression

50. Can we learn to be aggressive or gentle? They can be but…. Once learned they are difficult to change

51. Aggression and TV Watches = By the time you are 18, you spend more time in front of TV than in school 2/3 of all homes have 3 or more sets average 51 hours a week. By the time a child finishes elementary school they have witnessed 8000 murders and 100,000 other acts of violence on TV Over half of all deaths do NOT show the victim's pain As TV watching has grown exponentially, as does violent behavior- a strong positive correlation. How do you think TV has effected sexual aggression?

52. Attraction 5 Factors of Attraction….

53. Proximity Geographic nearness Mere exposure effect: Repeated exposure to something breeds liking. Taiwanese Letters Mirror image concept Stalking – get it? Ha! Ha!

54. Reciprocal Liking You are more likely to like someone who likes you. Why? Except in elementary school!!!!

55. Similarity Paula Abdul was wrong- opposites do NOT attract Birds of the same feather do flock together Similarity breeds content

56. Liking through Association Classical Conditioning can play a pert in attraction.

57. Physical Attractiveness: The Hotty Factor Physically attractiveness predicts dating frequency (they date more) They are perceived as healthier, happier, more honest and successful than less attractive counterparts

58. What is beauty? Some people say beauty is facial symmetry.

59. Beauty and Culture

60. LOVE Passionate Love: an aroused state of INTENSE positive absorption of another. Compassionate Love: the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

61. What makes compassionate love work? Equity Self-disclosure

62. Altruism Unselfish regard for the welfare of others Kitty Genovese case Bystander Effect (bystanders less willing to help if there are other bystanders around)

63. Social Exchange Theory The idea that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

64. Peacemaking Give people superordinate (shared) goals that can only be achieved through cooperation Win Win situations through mediation GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction)