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Descriptive Mineralogy
Native Elements: Pure elements that occur as minerals
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Classification of the Minerals
Non-Silicates Native Elements Halides Sulfides Oxides Hydroxides Carbonates Sulfates Phosphates Silicates Orthosilicates Sorosilicates Cyclosilicates Chain Silicates Layer Silicates Tektosilicates
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Native Elements
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Native Elements: Metals
Fe, Co, Ni: Meteorites Platinum Group: (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt): Mafic Igneous Rocks Coinage metals: Cu, Ag, Au Cu, Ag: Supergene Enrichments (Sulfide Oxidation) Au: Low Temperature Hydrothermal, Placer
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Native Iron: Meteorites
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Native Iron: Meteorites Widmanstätten Pattern
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Iron-Nickel Phase Diagram
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Platinum Group Metals Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt
Strongly siderophile elements Enriched in Fe meteorites Found in layered mafic intrusions Bushvelt Complex (South Africa) Stillwater Complex (Montana) Skaergaard Complex (Greenland)
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Bushvelt: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion
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Bushvelt: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion
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Skaergaard: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion
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Skaergaard: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion
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Skaergaard: Layered Gabbroic Intrusion
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Native Elements: Cu, Ag, Au
Cu and Ag: Supergene Enrichment Oxidation of Cu, Ag sulfides in unsaturated zone Precipitation of metal, oxides and carbonates at water table Ag and Au: hydrothermal Native metals and tellurides Au: placer oxidized hydrothermal
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Supergene Copper
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Hydrothermal Silver
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Hydrothermal Gold
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Hydrothermal Gold
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Native Elements: non metals
Carbon: Graphite: Metamorphic Rocks Diamond: Kimberlites Sulfur (+Se): Salt Domes (Sulfate reduction), Volcanos (H2S oxidation) Tellurium (Te) Telluride oxidation
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Native Elements: Carbon
Graphite (Low Pressure) Metamorphosed Organic-rich sediments Diamond (High Pressure >100km) Kimberlites Placers from kimberlites
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Native Elements: Diamond
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Native Elements: Diamond
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Kimberley Mine 1875
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Native Elements: Sulfur
Fumaroles (Volcanic hydrothermal vents) Oxidation of H2S Salt dome cap rocks Sulfate reduction by petroleum
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Fumarole Sulfur: Nysseros
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In the caps of salt domes, gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) is reduced to native sulfur
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Native Elements
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