1. Minerals Ch 3.1

2. Minerals 3,500 known varieties new discoveries each year

3. Importance of minerals Used in everyday life –buildings, homes, roads, and machines Fertilize crops Added to foods Used in medicines

4. What is a Mineral? Naturally occurring Inorganic substance Specific atomic structure Definite chemical composition

5. Are these minerals? Pearl coal brass steel synthetic sapphires concrete

6. Rock forming minerals 10 minerals are SO common, they are 90% of the mass of earth’s crust quartz orthoclase plagioclase muscovite biotite calcite dolomite halite gypsum ferromagnesian (olivines, amphiboles)

7. Two groups of minerals Silicates Nonsilicates

8. SilicatesNonsilicates Contain Si & O 96% of earth’s crust Quartz Feldspars –most common –Na, Ca, K Ferromagnesian –rich in Fe, Mg 4% of earth’s crust no silicon 6 major groups: –carbonates –halides –native elements –oxides –sulfates –sulfides

9. Crystalline structure Minerals have crystalline structure Specific geometric arrangement of atoms or ions Usually found as masses of crystals so small that you can see with microscope Sometimes large crystals form

10. Silicate crystalline structure Silcon-oxygen tetrahedron Basic building block: –4 oxygen atoms –1 silicon atom –pyramid shape with silicon atom in center

11. Bonding Single chain (pyroxenes) –share 2 oxygen atoms Double chain (amphiboles) Sheets (micas) –each tetrahedron shares 3 oxygen atoms –4th Oxygen bonds with K or Al –split easily between O-K bond or O-Al bond –http://www.geo.wvu.edu/~donovan/geol101/ani mations/03.swfhttp://www.geo.wvu.edu/~donovan/geol101/ani mations/03.swf

12. Network silicates Each Tetrahedron bonds to four neighboring tetrahedra Quartz Bonds are tight Minerals are hard…because bonds are tight

13. Biotite

14. Olivine (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 image from: Mineralogie Uni Breme Specimen from Jackson Co. North Carolina

15. Plagioclase Na(AlSi3O8) specimen from Hohe Tauern, Austria

16. Zircon ZrSiO4 specimen from Norway

17. Mineral groups The minerals in each group often display similar properties and are commonly found together due to their similar chemical composition.

18. Carbonate Group Calcite image from www.yuprocks.com

19. Halide Group Fluorite image from www.yuprocks.com

20. Native elements silver image from www.yuprocks.com

21. Native group: Platinum (Pt) collected: Ural Mountains, Russia

22. Native group: Diamond (C) crystal found Pomona, South-West Africa

23. Oxide group garnet image from www.yuprocks.com

24. Oxide group hematite image from www.yuprocks.com

25. Sulfate group gypsum image from www.yuprocks.com

27. Sulfide group galena image from www.yuprocks.com

28. Sulfide group pyrite (fool’s gold) image from www.yuprocks.com

29. Homework Read pages 66 - 69

30. Output Sketch and label 10 items that you use on a daily basis that have minerals in them. Be sure to identify the mineral that is used.