1. A Remedial English Grammar

2. CHAPTERS ARTICLES AGREEMENT OF VERB AND SUBJECT CONCORD OF NOUNS, PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES CONFUSION OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS DIFFICULTIES WITH COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVES CONFUSION OF PARTICIPLES: ACTIVE & PASSIVE PREPOSITIONS NEGATIVE VERBS TENSES 1, 2 & 3 THE INFINITIVE

3. PREPOSITIONS A. THE EXPRESSION OF TIME Making use of at, on, in, during, by, for At: It is used to express for a certain moment or point in time. The train leaves at 2.45 p.m. For festivals which mark a point in the year. We have a holiday at Christmas and at Easter.

4. PREPOSITIONS On For a specific day expressed as date, e.g. on June 5 th day of the week, e.g. on Friday a special day in the year with a name of its own, e.g. on Christmas morning For a specific part of any such day e.g. on Christmas morning, (but on the afternoon/evening of Christmas day) on Wednesday morning, on Friday morning.

5. PREPOSITIONS In Used before words which denote a period of time. E.g. in the summer, in September, in the year 1948, in the morning, in the dinner-hour, in the summer holidays. To show a total length of time taken for completion of activity. E.g. in three hours, in two hours, thirty five minutes and twenty seconds. To state a period at the end of which something will happen. E.g. in a few minutes, in an hour’s time.

6. PREPOSITIONS During To express the idea which continues throughout the whole of a specified period. E.g. During the war food was rationed. To express an idea wherein which an event took place within a specified period of time (“in the course of”) E.g. The house was burgled during the night.

7. PREPOSITIONS By To denote the latest time by which something was or is to be done. It implies it may be done before then but not after. E.g. You must be home by ten o’ clock. Applications for the post should be received by April 25 th. Used before the words day and night (same as “during”) E.g. Some motorists prefer to travel by night.

8. PREPOSITIONS For To show the lapse of time during which something takes place or a state of affairs persists. E.g. It rained continuously for 20 hours. We have been waiting for over an hour. Note: We stayed a week. (sum total of the time) We stayed for a week. (time as it goes day by day)

9. PREPOSITIONS Additional notes: 1. at, on, in are not used if the noun giving a time is preceded by an adjective. 2. yesterday, today, and tomorrow are also used as adverbs and do not take a preposition. ‘today’ cannot be followed by morning, afternoon, evening. ‘night’ can be used only after tomorrow. Hence ‘yesterday night’ or ‘today night’ is not possible.

10. PREPOSITIONS B. THE EXPRESSION OF PLACE Place of Residence: (a)In is used for a general reference to the place E.g. in the town, in the desert (b)In is used for the names of countries, continents, capital cities of large towns In Paris, in China, in Delhi (c)At is used for villages and smaller towns at Aluva, at Marampally

11. PREPOSITIONS THE EXPRESSION OF PLACE Place of Residence: (a) In is used when no specific type of residence is mentioned E.g. in a cottage, in a flat (b) At is used for a particular place of residence E.g. at Manor house, at Buckingham palace (c) In is used for names of streets and roads E.g. in Palace road, in Dalal street

12. PREPOSITIONS THE EXPRESSION OF PLACE Place of Work (a) In is used if it is a building E.g. in a factory, in a bank (b) At is used if the reference is to particular place E.g. at the public library, at BARC (c) In is used for a particular room or department E.g. in the Manuscripts department, in the auditing department.

13. PREPOSITIONS THE EXPRESSION OF PLACE Chief Exceptions: At the seaside, on an island (place of residence) On a farm, on the railway, on an estate, on a rubber plantation (place of work with no reference to a building)

14. PREPOSITIONS PREPOSITIONS ATTACHED TO VERBS Many intransitive verbs are followed prepositions and its objects. It is incorrect to make statements like: He pointed the tree We listened the music I am looking a book

15. PREPOSITIONS PREPOSITIONS ATTACHED TO VERBS Combinations of v+prep E.g. agree to, apply to, care for, hope for, object to, rely on, depends on, stared at, succeed in, talks of, think of, think about, write to etc.

16. PREPOSITIONS PREPOSITIONS ATTACHED TO VERBS In interrogative forms beginning with what, who, when, which etc prepositions should be put at the end of the sentences What are you looking at? Where has this bus come from? Whom do you wish to speak to?