2. Philippine American War Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the Philippines an independent republic in January 1899 Rebellion lasted until mid-1902 War claimed 4,000 American lives and cost the U.S. $400 million The U.S. set up the Philippine Gov. and they gradually moved toward independence until July 4, 1946.

3. Open Door Notes By 1899, France, Germany, Britain, Japan and Russia had established prosperous settlements along the coast of China. American leaders feared that the U.S. might lose access to China’s ports as the result of a war or takeover. To protect American interests, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay issued the Open Door Notes.

4. Sent to Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia. The U.S. called for open access to China’s coastal ports, the elimination of special privileges for any trading nations, and the maintenance of China’s independence. Remained in effect until after World War II

5. Russo-Japanese War In 1904, Japan and Russia went to war over Korea. The Japanese destroyed both the Russian Pacific and European fleet. Japan gained control of Korea and Manchuria. Because of the costs, Japan asked Roosevelt to mediate the conflict

6. Russia agreed to let Japan take over its interests in Korea and Manchuria Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize

7. Panama Canal When Roosevelt became President, the United States had already achieved three of Admiral Mahan’s four recommendations for becoming a world power. The nation had a modern navy and naval bases in the Caribbean and Hawaii. Roosevelt set out to build a canal through Central America

8. Two Possible Routes One, through Nicaragua, posed fewer obstacles because much of it crossed a large lake. The other, through Panama, was shorter but was filled with mountains and swamps. Senate approved the route through Panama.

9. Getting Panama From Colombia When negotiations broke down, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, helped organize a Panamanian revolution against Columbia A dozen U.S. warships were present when Panama declared independence The U.S. was given perpetual control of the 10 mile wide canal zone

10. Constructing the Canal Work began in 1904 by 1913, more than 43,400 workers were employed More than 5,600 workers died of disease or accidents On August 15, 1914, the canal opened Damaged U.S.-Latin American relations

11. Roosevelt Corollary By the late 19th century, many Latin American nations had borrowed large sums of money from European bankers to build railroads and develop industry Roosevelt feared that if these nations defaulted on their loans, European nations might intervene in the Western Hemisphere

12. Roosevelt based his Latin American policy on a West African proverb, “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far”. Roosevelt argued that European powers must not intervene in the Western Hemisphere Also said that disorder in Latin America might “force the United States…to the exercise of an international police power” in order to protect U.S. economic interests.