1. How does US foreign policy change from 1790 to 1900
How does US foreign policy change from 1790 to 1900? (Are there milestones or identifiable “periods” in that timeframe?)
How does it change from 1902 to 1916?

2. The U.S. Becomes a World Power
At the turn of the 20th century, the U.S. emerged as a world power:
The U.S. asserted its dominance in Spanish-American War (1898)
America built the 3rd largest navy in the world
Annexed Hawaii, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, many Pacific islands
Asserted economic control over almost all of Latin America
At the turn of the 20th century, the United States emerged as a world power. The Spanish American War and the acquisition of the Philippines represented both an extension of earlier expansionist impulses and a sharp departure from assumptions that had guided American foreign policy in the past. For the first time, the United States made a major strategic commitment in the Far East, acquired territory never intended for statehood, and committed itself to police actions and intervention in the Caribbean and Central America.
Not since the Mexican War had the United States expanded so rapidly.  In 1898 and 1899, the United States annexed Hawaii and acquired the Philippines, Puerto Rico, parts of the Samoan islands, and other Pacific islands.  Expansion raised the fateful question of whether the newly annexed peoples would receive the rights of American citizens.

3. The U.S. Becomes a World Power
“Big Stick Diplomacy”
“Moral Diplomacy”
The U.S. developed a new, aggressive foreign policy under T. Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson:
Their policies differed, but all revealed a desire to increase American wealth, military power, & stature in the world, especially Latin America
“Dollar Diplomacy”

4. American Foreign Acquisitions, 1917

5. Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big Stick Diplomacy”

6. Open Door Policy
The U.S Open Door Policy was about China and their trade markets in  The point of this policy was to give everyone equal rights to China trade and a free and open market because many European powers controlled areas of China and the U.S didn’t want to be fighting over China to have trade access. John Hay, who was secretary of state at the time, came up with this idea. 

7. Boxer Rebellion

8. TR’s “Big Stick Diplomacy”
Roosevelt hoped to expand upon America’s new, world stature after the Spanish-American War:
TR believed in the superiority of American Protestant culture & hoped to spread these values
To increase American economic & political stature in the world, the U.S. needed to be militarily strong & ready to fight if needed
TR & Sec of State Elihu Root applied “big stick” diplomacy most effectively in Latin America
“Speak softly & carry a big stick, you will go far”
—TR’s favorite African proverb

9. TR’s “Big Stick Diplomacy”
The U.S. paid $10 million for the canal & leased it for $250,000 per year
TR’s top foreign policy objective was to build the Panama Canal & he used his “big stick” to get it:
When the Columbians rejected an offer to lease land in Panama to build a canal, TR supported a revolt for Panama independence
In 1903, Panama (with the U.S. navy) became a nation & signed a lease agreement for a canal
A Panama Canal would facilitate world trade & allow the U.S. quickly merge its Atlantic & Pacific naval fleets in an emergency

10. Panama Canal

11. The Panama Canal was an engineering marvel, but one of the most important reasons for its completion was the scientific elimination of malaria-causing mosquitoes
“The inevitable effect of our building the Canal must be to require us to police the surrounding premises”
—Sec of State, Elihu Root
When opened in 1914, the canal gave the USA a huge economic advantage in the Western Hemisphere

12. The Roosevelt Corollary
TR warned European nations to stay out AND warned Latin American nations to be more responsible or the U.S. would intervene
One of the greatest concerns was the intervention of European nations in Latin America:
In 1903, Germany & England threatened to invade Venezuela to recoup unpaid debts
TR issued Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904 claiming special “police powers” in the Western Hemisphere
From , US intervened in Latin America to protect the canal, exclude foreign countries (bought Virgin Islands in 1917), & stabilizing nations: 4

13. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904
Additionally, the Lodge Corollary in 1912 refused to allow foreign companies to buy ports or establish military sites in Latin America

14. The Roosevelt Corollary was used to justify American armed intervention in the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, & Mexico
Attempts to maintain order in Latin America led to pro-American regimes that relied on dictatorial rule over its citizens
To enforce order, forestall foreign intervention, and protect U.S. economic interests, the United States intervened in the Caribbean and Central America some 20 times over the next quarter century--namely, in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Each intervention followed a common pattern: after intervening to restore order, U.S. forces became embroiled in the countries' internal political disputes. Before exiting, the United States would train and fund a police force and military to maintain order and would sponsor an election intended to put into power a strong leader supportive of American interests. Unfortunately, the men who took power in many of these countries, such as Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua, Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, and Francois Duvalier in Haiti, established despotic rule.

16. Big Stick Diplomacy
Foreign policy under TR extended to Asia as well as Latin America:
TR negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 from Portsmouth, NH
Gentlemen’s Agreement in 1907 limited Japanese immigration
The Root-Takahira Agreement in 1908 protected America’s Open Door Policy in China

17. “Constable of the World”

18. William Howard Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”

19. Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
President Taft took over after TR & continued an aggressive foreign policy, called “Dollar Diplomacy”
Use U.S. wealth rather than military strength in foreign policy
In Latin America, U.S. banks assumed debts to Europe
Taft’s attempts to build railroads in China alienated Japan & ended the Open Door Policy 6

22. Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”

23. Moral Diplomacy
Wilson apologized to Columbia for U.S. support of the Panamanian revolt
Wilson appointed pacifist William Jennings Bryan as his Secretary of State
Wilson was well-versed in domestic policy before becoming president, but not foreign policy
He believed that Moral Diplomacy could bring peace & democracy to the world without militarism & war
Wilson talked of “human rights” in Latin America, but defended the Monroe Doctrine & intervened more than Roosevelt or Taft
“It would be the irony of fate if my administration had to deal chiefly with foreign affairs”
—Wilson in 1912
To enforce order, forestall foreign intervention, and protect U.S. economic interests, the United States intervened in the Caribbean and Central America some 20 times over the next quarter century--namely, in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Each intervention followed a common pattern: after intervening to restore order, U.S. forces became embroiled in the countries' internal political disputes. Before exiting, the United States would train and fund a police force and military to maintain order and would sponsor an election intended to put into power a strong leader supportive of American interests. Unfortunately, the men who took power in many of these countries, such as Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua, Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, and Francois Duvalier in Haiti, established despotic rule. 7

24. Moral Diplomacy in Mexico
Wilson refused to recognize Huerta & demanded that he step down so legitimate elections could be held for a new president
When Huerta refused, Wilson used minor incidents (arrest of some U.S. sailors in Tampico) to send the military to occupy Veracruz & force Huerta to flee to Europe
In 1913, Mexican president Madero was overthrown by dictator Victoriano Huerta
Moral Diplomacy in Mexico
Moral diplomacy seemed to fail in Mexico as war seemed eminent but the WWI forced Americans to change their focus to Europe
Only a week after taking office in 1913, Wilson called upon Mexico's president, Victoriano Huerta, who had seized power after the constitutional president was murdered, to step aside when elections were held. When Huerta refused, Wilson used minor incidents--including the arrest of some American sailors in Tampico and the arrival of a German merchant ship carrying supplies for Huerta--as a pretext for occupying the Mexico port of Veracruz. Within weeks, Huerta was forced to leave his country.
During the conflict, the Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa had made a number of raids into U.S. territory near the Mexican border. Wilson responded by ordering Gen. John J. (Black Jack) Pershing to cross into Mexico.
Mexican rebel Pancho Villa tried to provoke war with the U.S. by raiding across the border for supporting his rival Carranza
Wilson responded by sending the military to find Villa (who were unable to do so)

25. Conclusions
After the Spanish-American War, the USA assumed an aggressive foreign policy:
In order to maintain order, forestall foreign intervention, & protect U.S. economic interests
By the outbreak of WWI, the USA had seen its foreign policy evolve from strict neutrality, to imperialist, to police officer
Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) & Farewell Address (1796)
Annexation of Alaska, Hawaii, & Philippines; Open Door Policy in China
“Big Stick,” “Dollar,” & “Moral” diplomacies

26. World War I

28. What were the forces for US neutrality?
Why did the US eventually enter the war?

29. American Neutrality
When war was declared in Europe in June 1914, Wilson proclaimed American neutrality due to:
Tradition of non-involvement
Progressives & women organized against war
America as a land of immigrants should not take sides in Europe
The majority of the U.S. supported the Allies but wanted to avoid war 10

30. Threats to American Neutrality
Germany blamed the war on Russian expansion & French revenge
England appealed to cultural ties & propaganda of Germans atrocities
U.S. neutrality was threatened from the very beginning:
England & Germany appealed to the U.S. to enter on their side
U.S. trade with England & France provided a strong bond
The most serious threat proved to be Germany’s violation of the right to “freedom of the seas”

31. By 1916, the U.S. was a “neutral” nation in name only
Freedom of the Seas
England began a blockade around Germany to cut off war supplies:
Wilson protested that the blockade infringed on America’s right to trade as a neutral nation
But the flood of Allied war orders helped fuel the U.S. economy
Loans & trade drew the U.S. closer to the Allies while trade with Germany all but ended
By 1916, the U.S. was a “neutral” nation in name only
The U.S. gave $2.5 billion in loans to the Allies, but only $27 million to the Central Powers
Trade with the Allies caused U.S. trade to jump from $2 billion to $6 billion from 1913 to 1916 11

32. The U-Boat Threat
Germany’s response to the British blockade was unrestricted submarine warfare in 1915:
Americans died during u-boat attacks on the Lusitania, Arabic, & Sussex from 1915 to 1916
In the Sussex Pledge, Germany agreed to limit attacks if the U.S. helped end England’s blockade
Despite the Sussex Pledge, Congress passed the National Defense Act in 1916 that increased the size of the U.S. army & navy 12

33. Germany used U-boats to create a naval blockade of England

34. Election of 1916
In the 1916 election, Wilson balanced contrasting stances:
He appealed to progressives & anti-war voters with the slogan “He kept us out of war”
But argued for “preparedness” by building up the military in case the U.S. joins the war
Wilson won by affirming 2 goals: freedom of the seas & neutrality 13

35. America Joins the Allies
German leaders knew this might entice the USA to enter the war…but did it anyway
In December 1916, Germany led a massive European offensive & resumed unrestricted submarine warfare to win the war
In 1917, Wilson hoped for a “peace without victory” but key events made neutrality impossible:
German subs sunk 5 U.S. ships
The interception of Zimmerman Telegram fueled U.S. anger 14

36. U.S. Losses to German Submarines, 1916-191814

37. Rationale behind the Zimmerman Note: The U. S
Rationale behind the Zimmerman Note: The U.S. & Mexico almost went to war in June 1916 over events related to the Mexican Revolution (Huerta, Carranza, Pancho Villa)

38. April 2, 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war to “make the world safe for democracy”

39. A Bureaucratic War: How did the US mobilize for war?

40. A Bureaucratic War
To coordinate the war effort, 5,000 new gov’t agencies were created
War Industries Board (WIB) oversaw all factories, decided priorities, & fixed prices
Food Admin supplied food to soldiers by appealing to civilians
Fuel Admin rationed coal & oil
RR Admin, War Shipping Board, & War Trade Board helped move resources to troops
Imposed “gasless” days & shut down factories for days to divert or conserve fuel
WIB director Bernard Baruch became the “dictator of the American economy”
Asked for a spirit of self-sacrifice, imposed “meatless” & “wheatless” days & encouraged Americans to plant “victory gardens” 18

41. U.S. Food Administration

42. U.S. Food Administration

43. U.S. Fuel Administration

44. U.S. Shipping Board

45. An unprecedented alliance
A Bureaucratic War
WWI was expensive (U.S. spent $32 billion) but was paid for by:
Liberty Bonds raised $23 billion
A boost in personal & corporate income taxes led to $10 billion
The partnership between business & the gov’t met the war demand & increased business profits 300%
An unprecedented alliance