1. Chapter 9 Language Contact Pidgins, Creoles, & New Englishes

2. Whaddya Think? Codeswitching and borrowing are two sides of the same coin…

3. Pidgins & Creoles: Tok Pisin Tasol dispela mi raitim pinis, em mi raitim bai yupela i ken bilip long Jisas em i Krais, em i Pikinini Bilong God. Na sapos yupela i bilip, orait bai yupela i kisim laip long nem belong em. (John 20:31) But these are written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in his name. (John 20:31) http://www.wycliffe.ca/resources/HTML/soundbytes.html

4. Pidgin Precipitants Which of the following contribute to the development of a Pidgin? A. Trade B. Slavery C. Migration D. Conquest E. All of the above

5. Pidgin Grammatical Structure Often not clearly ‘borrowed’ Defined by deficit Tense often by inference or adverbs Simplified pronouns

6. Pidgin Key Points ‘Less than complete’ Not primary No native speakers… Often for business Rapidly developed Vocab often borrowed

7. Pidgin Vocab Limited Lexicon Polysemy (meaning) Multifunctionality (syntax) Circumlocution (creative syntax  meaning) Compounding (Lexical) Reduplication (Lexical // syntactic) Give examples of each (from experience or from the text)

8. Pidgin Origin Theories Explaining Similarities Monogenesis Independent parallel development Linguistic universals

9. Didja Git It? Which of the following is a pidgin? A. AAVE B. Appalachian English C. Common Moroccan Arabic D. Gullah E. None of the above

10. Diddja Git It? Tasol dispela mi raitim pinis, em mi raitim bai yupela i ken bilip long Jisas em i Krais, em i Pikinini Bilong God. Na sapos yupela i bilip, orait bai yupela i kisim laip long nem belong em. (John 20:31) Tok Pisin is a pidgin

11. So What… … IS an example of pidgin? What makes the others creoles?

12. Questions… … before we move on?

13. Creole Key Points Complete language First language For at least some Typically develop from pidgins

14. Creoles Expanded: Vocabulary Phonological rules Syntax  Full fledged language  Stigmatized by it’s origin…

15. Creolization Theories Bio-program Pidginization = 2 nd Lang Acq w/ limited input Creolization = 1 st Lang Acq w/ limited input  Creole ≈ underlying ‘human’ language Gradualism Language develops from need to talk True transfer from P  C > 1 generation Reality…? Need another theory… (why?)

16. Questions…. … before we move on?

17. English Around the World Should the English spoken in countries like South Africa, India, Japan & China be considered A. Creole B. Pidgin C. Standard English D. Non-standard English E. New Englishes

18. New Englishes Original Conception Few L1 speakers of English English acquired in school (not home) English used for multiple purposes (e.g. Lingua franca, gov’t, media, etc.) Has adopted some vocabulary & grammar from local language(s) Redefinition is underway & ongoing…

19. Tendencies in New Englishes Repeating pronouns Invariant tags (isn’t it?, no? not so?...) Double marking of clauses (Although you are away, but you remember ) Phonological interference (AKA enrichment) …Stabilization of SLA strategies…

20. Views of English in India 1. Special variety Distinctly different from UK & US… Nativization… South Asianization… 2. No more different than UK vs. US Language varieties have always existed… The multi-lingual nature of an area is not significant 3. Still an alien language An important presence requiring politeness… Not an integral part of the core of life. Implications for Educational & Linguistic policies…

21. Creolization Shifts Recreolization  less like ‘power’ language Decreolization Creole becomes more like the “power” language it descended from… (But… c.f. development of pidgin…)

22. Decreolization Vocab Basilect ‘Deep’ creole Unintelligible with ‘power’ language Mesolect Mid point between the others Acrolect Minor differences from ‘power’ language Related in use & motivation to language in Morocco

23. New Englishes: Tie It Together Codeswitching Basilect ≈ solidarity Mesolect Acrolect ≈ prestige… Diglossic tendencies Government & education Instructional target = hot political issue

24. We need an “English Only” policy in the US

25. Food for Thought…

26. Linguistic Schizophrenia New Englishes speakers Typically don’t accept their own variety as ‘correct’ or ‘prestigious’ Are also unwilling to accept English…

27. Homework Read: “Nations in Asia give English their own flavorful quirks” @ http://faculty.uscupstate.edu/dmarlow http://faculty.uscupstate.edu/dmarlow Debate tomorrow… “The Speak Good English Movement” Be ready to take a side,  !!!

28. Coming Soon… Chapter 11 next (this is a must-read)