1. Viruses and Bacteria

2. Viruses are made of two parts – A protein coat called a capsid – Genetic material, can be DNA or RNA Viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophages.

3. Viral infection cycles Lytic: destroys the host cell Lysogenic: allows the host cell to reproduce with the virus DNA incorporated into its own DNA

4. Bacteria and Archae Both are prokaryotes. This means they lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Archae: primitive, live and thrive in harsh conditions Bacteria: what we think of when we hear the term bacteria

5. Oxygen Obligate aerobes: bacteria that require oxygen to live Facultative aerobes: can survive whether oxygen is present or not Obligate anaerobes: are poisoned by oxygen

6. Parts Plasmid: circular bacterial DNA. It can reproduce separately from the cell’s main chromosome. Flagellum: allows the cell to move Cell wall: surrounds the cell. Penicillin works by acting against the cell wall.

7. More parts Pili: tiny hairs. Allow a bacteria to stick to surfaces. Capsule: protective waxy coating around the cell wall

8. Reproduction Binary fission: cell divides Conjugation: cells exchange DNA Endo spore: has a thick protective wall to protect against harsh conditions. Q: Is conjugation sexual or asexual?

9. Geoffery

10. Gram stain

11. Penicillin Remember, penicillin acts against the cell wall. In gram negative bacteria, the cell wall is protected by the outer membrane. So penicillin is only effective against gram positive bacteria such as Strep or Staph.

12. Shapes Cocci: round Bacilli: rod Spirillum: spiraled

13. Mixture

14. Useful bacteria E. coli in your intestine Skin bacteria Digesting oil Decomposers Fixing carbon or nitrogen

15. Harmful bacteria Normal bacteria where they are not normally present. Pathogens: cause disease Superbugs: strong antibiotic resistance.