1. Friday, April 5 Turn in Unit 5 FRQs (they were due March 28) Unit 4 & 5 Test Campaign Project is due Tuesday, April 9 Reading due dates – April 8 p. 392-409 – April 9 p. 409-433 – April 10 p. 466-487 – April 11 p. 487-499 – April 15 p. 503-516 – April 16 p. 516-534

2. Friday, April 5 If you were absent Friday: – Turn in Unit 5 FRQs (they were due March 28) – You have until Thursday afternoon to take the Unit 4 & 5 Test Campaign Project is due Tuesday, April 9 Reading due dates – April 8 p. 392-409 – April 9 p. 409-433 – April 10 p. 466-487 – April 11 p. 487-499 – April 15 p. 503-516 – April 16 p. 516-534

3. The Presidency

4. The Presidents Great Expectations – Americans want a president who is powerful and who can do good: Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, Roosevelt and Kennedy. – But at the same time, they don’t want the president to get too powerful since we are individualistic and skeptical of authority.

5. The Presidents Who They Are – Formal Requirements: Must be 35 years old Must have resided in U.S. for 14 years – Informal “Requirements”: White, Male Protestant (except one) – All manner of professions, but mostly political ones (former state governors, for example)

6. The Presidents How They Got There – Elections: The Normal Road to the White House Once elected, the president gets a term of four years. In 1951, the 22 nd Amendment limited the number of terms to two. Most Presidents have been elected to office.

7. The Presidents How They Got There – Succession and Impeachment Vice-President succeeds if the president leaves office due to death or resignation or convicted of impeachment/ Impeachment is investigated by the House, and if impeached, tried by the Senate with the Chief Justice presiding. Only two presidents have been impeached: A. Johnson & Clinton- neither was convicted.

8. From Table 13.3 Presidential Powers Constitutional Powers – National Security- Commander in Chief of the armed forces Make treaties with other nations – Legislative- Veto bills – Administrative- Nominate officials – Judicial Nominate Judges

9. Presidential Powers The Expansion of Power – Presidents develop new roles for the office – Presidents expand the power of the office Perspectives on Presidential Power – Through the 50’s & 60’s a powerful President was perceived as good – From the 70’s on, presidential power was checked and distrusted by the public

10. Running the Government: The Chief Executive The Vice President – Basically just “waits” for things to do – Recent presidents have given their VPs important jobs The Cabinet – Presidential advisors, not in Constitution – Is made up of the top executives of the Federal Departments, confirmed by the Senate

11. Figure 13.1 Running the Government: The Chief Executive The Executive Office – Made up of several policymaking and advisory bodies – Three principle groups: NSC, CEA, OMB

12. Running the Government: The Chief Executive The White House Staff – Chief aides and staff for the president- some are more for the White House than the president – Presidents rely on their information and effort The First Lady – No official government position, but many get involved politically – Recent ones focus on a single issue

13. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers Chief Legislator – Veto: Sending a bill back to Congress with his reasons for rejecting it. Can be overridden. – Pocket Veto: Letting a bill die by not signing it- only works when Congress is adjourned. – Line Item Veto: The ability to veto parts of a bill. Some state governors have it, but not the president. – Vetoes are most used to prevent legislation.

14. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers Party Leadership – The Bonds of Party The psychological bond of being in the president’s party – Slippage in Party Support Presidents cannot always count on party support, especially on controversial issues – Leading the Party Presidents can do little to actually lead their party

15. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers Public Support – Public Approval Operates mostly in the background Impact is important, but occurs at the margins – Mandates Perception that the voters strongly support the president’s character and policies Mandates are infrequent, but presidents may claim a mandate anyway

16. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers Legislative Skills – Variety of forms: bargaining, making personal appeals, consulting with Congress, setting priorities, etc. – Most important is bargaining with Congress. – Presidents should use their “honeymoon” period – Nation’s key agenda builder

17. The President and National Security Policy Chief Diplomat – Negotiates treaties with other countries – Treaties must be approved by the Senate – Use executive agreements to take care of routine matters with other countries – May negotiate for peace between other countries – Lead U.S. allies in defense & economic issues

18. The President and National Security Policy Commander in Chief – Writers of the constitution wanted civilian control of the military – Presidents often make important military decisions – Presidents command a standing military and nuclear arsenal- unthinkable 200 years ago

19. The President and National Security Policy War Powers – Constitution gives Congress the power to declare war, but presidents can commit troops and equipment in conflicts – War Powers Resolution was intended to limit the president’s use of the military- but may be unconstitutional – Presidents continue to test the limits of using the military in foreign conflicts

20. The President and National Security Policy Crisis Manager – The role the president plays can help or hurt the presidential image. – With current technology, the president can act much faster than Congress to resolve a crisis. Working with Congress – President has lead role in foreign affairs. – Presidents still have to work with Congress for support and funding of foreign policies.

21. Power from the People: The Public Presidency Going Public – Public support is perhaps the greatest source of influence a president has. – Presidential appearances are staged to get the public’s attention. – As head of state, presidents often perform many ceremonial functions- which usually result in favorable press coverage.

22. Figure 13.3 Power from the People: The Public Presidency Presidential Approval – Receives much effort by the White House – Product of many factors: predispositions, “honeymoon” – Changes can highlight good / bad decisions

23. Power from the People: The Public Presidency Policy Support – Being an effective speaker is important – The public may still miss the message Mobilizing the Public – The president may need to get the public to actually act by contacting Congress – Difficult to do since public opinion and political action are needed

24. The President and the Press Presidents and media are often adversaries due to different goals Many people in the White House deal with the media, but the press secretary is the main contact person Media is often more interested in the person, not the policies News coverage has become more negative

25. Understanding the American Presidency The Presidency and Democracy – There are still concerns over the president having too much power. – Others argue the president can’t do enough with all the checks and balances in the system. The Presidency and the Scope of Government – Some presidents have increased the functions of government.

26. The Federal Bureaucracy

27. Figure 15.2 The Bureaucrats What are some basic American beliefs about our bureaucracy? The bureaucracy is the most demographically representative part of government. – Diversity of jobs mirrors the private sector.

28. The Bureaucrats How did civil service reform change the bureaucracy? – Office of Personnel Management: The federal office in charge of most of the government’s hiring. What jobs aren’t filled through the Civil Service System? – “Plum jobs”

29. Theories of Bureaucracy The Weberian Model – Hierarchical, specialized, meritocracy The Acquisitive, Monopolistic Bureaucracy – Competing bureaucracies control govt, expand and spend “Garbage Can” Bureaucracies – Trial and error, not well organized or supervised, ineffective

30. The Cabinet Departments 15 Cabinet departments headed by a Secretary (except DOJ under the Attorney General) Each has its own budget, staff and policy areas Expanded over time to deal with relevant issues – What is the most recent addition? What is the difference between “Defense” and “Homeland Security”?

31. Figure 15.4

32. Executive Agencies Regulatory Agencies – Independent: Responsible for some sector of the economy, making rules and judging disputes to protect the public interest – Headed by commissions – What is meant by “regulatory capture”?

33. Executive Agencies Government Corporations – Business-like: Provide a service like private companies and typically charge for services Independent Executive Agencies – Serve a specific purpose, created and serve with support of the president

34. Implementation Translating the goals and objectives of a policy into an operating, ongoing program Includes: – Creating / assigning an agency the policy – Turning policy into rules, regulations and forms. – Coordinating resources to achieve the goals. Can fail due to program design, lack of clarity, lack of resources, or administrative routine

35. Implementation: A Case Study The Voting Rights Act of 1965 – Generally considered a success. – Had a clear, concise goal. – The implementation was clear. – Those carrying out the law had obvious authority and vigor to do so.

36. Regulation Use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector. Command-and-Control Policy: Government tells business how to reach certain goals, checks the progress and punishes offenders. Incentive System: Market-like strategies are used to manage public policy. Some agencies are proactive, some are reactive.

37. Deregulation The lifting of restrictions on business, industry and professional activities. Regulatory problems: – Raises prices – Hurts U.S.’s competitive position abroad – Does not always work well But why were regulations created?

38. Understanding Bureaucracies Bureaucracy and Democracy – Presidents try to control the bureaucracy through appointments, executive orders, budget tinkering, reorganization – Congress tries to control the bureaucracy by influencing appointments, changing budget, holding hearings, rewriting legislation

39. Understanding Bureaucracies Bureaucracy and Democracy – Iron Triangles and Issue Networks A mutually dependent relationship between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees. Some argue they are being replaced by wider issue networks that focus on more policies.

40. Figure 15.5 Understanding Bureaucracies

41. How does bureaucracy impact the size and scope of government?