2. HOLLYWOOD Stars & Studios

3. THE HOLLYWOOD STUDIOS 1915-25: transition from Trust to STUDIO SYSTEM “Studio Era” typified by: –Picture palaces –Movie audience that included all classes –Standardized production of feature-length films (1½ hrs) –Concentration of production in Hollywood –OLIGOPOLY & VERTICAL INTEGRATION

4. OLIGOPOLY A few large firms control an entire industry Due to high cost of film production –Feature-length films were expensive –Salaries increased, esp. for stars –Production values increased –Sound added to costs of equipment & production

5. OLIGOPOLY Costs of distribution, picture palaces & converting to sound Small companies began to merge in order to compete By late 1920s, 8 companies controlled 91% of box-office These companies known as 8 Majors

6. VERTICAL INTEGRATION Company controls product from production to retail sale BIG 5 –MGM, PARAMOUNT, FOX, WARNER BROS., & RKO –Vertically integrated: production, distribution & exhibition

7. VERTICAL INTEGRATION LITTLE 3 –COLUMBIA, UNIVERSAL, & UNITED ARTISTS –Not totally vertically integrated –Columbia & Universal in production & distribution, but no theaters –United Artists only distributed films

8. “THE DREAM FACTORY” DIVISION OF LABOR –Labor highly specialized & efficient, becoming highly unionized –THE CONTRACT SYSTEM Most workers under contract for 5-7 years Renewable by studio every 6 months Studios maintained prop & costume depts Filmed on own lots

9. “THE DREAM FACTORY” THE “STUDIO LOOK” –Consistent labor, props, settings resulted in "Studio Look“ –Studios tended to build their films around their stars

11. Marlene Dietrich Paramount Stars

12. The Marx Bros Mae West

13. Bing Crosby, Dorothy Lamour & Bob Hope Paramount Stars

14. Fleischer Bros. Studio Popeye

15. Fleischer Bros. Studio Superman

16. Fleischer Bros. Studio Betty Boop

17. Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer

18. MGM Stars Greta Garbo

19. MGM Stars Clark Gable Spencer Tracy

20. MGM Movies Tarzan the Ape Man (1932)

21. MGM Movies Love Finds Andy Hardy (1938)

22. Hal Roach Studio Laurel & Hardy

23. Hal Roach Studio Our Gang

24. MGM Animation

25. Tex Avery’s Wolfie and Red

26. 20th Century-Fox

27. 20th Century-Fox Stars Sonja Henie Shirley Temple

28. 20th Century-Fox Stars Betty Grable Tyrone Power

29. 20th-Century Fox Movies Charlie Chan at the Olympics (1937)

30. Warner Bros.

31. Warner Bros. Stars Humphrey Bogart

32. Warner Bros. Stars Bette Davis

33. Warner Bros. Animation

34. RKO Movies

35. Disney Animation Mickey Mouse Donald Duck

36. Disney Animation Snow White (1937)

37. Universal

38. Universal Serials

39. Walter Lantz Studio Woody Woodpecker Chilly Willy

40. Universal Movies Abbott & Costello

41. Universal Horror Movies

43. Columbia

44. Columbia Movies Claudette Colbert Clark Gable Frank Capra’s It Happened One Night (1934)

45. Columbia Movies Batman & Robin

46. Columbia Shorts The Three Stooges

47. United Artists Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin & DW Griffith

48. Monogram Movies Federal Bullets (1937)

49. Monogram Stars The Bowery Boys

50. Republic

51. Republic Movies

52. ADAPTING TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES SOUND –Help define space –Offscreen sound creates sense of 3- dimensional world –Onscreen sound defines space it comes from DIALOGUE: sound a way of developing characters & defining character traits

53. ADAPTING TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES MUSIC –Nondiegetic music reinforces “proper” emotional responses –Helps define & identify characters –Both outgrowths of live music in silent film exhibition –Market for records of film music

54. ADAPTING TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES SOUND DEVICES FOR CONTINUITY –Work with continuity editing Create smooth transitions between shots & scenes Keeping attention on narrative –SOUND BRIDGE –DIALOGUE HOOK

55. ADAPTING TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES DEEP FOCUS –By late 1930s, trend toward deep focus –New film stocks & lenses –Adapted to CHC narrative style Establish relationships among characters in a number of planes –Takes became longer

56. ADAPTING TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES COLOR –HAND-COLORING (1896-1910) & TINTING & TONING (1910-27) –TECHNICOLOR TECHNICOLOR, INC. (1915) 2-COLOR TECHNICOLOR (1920s) –Red & blue 3-COLOR TECHNICOLOR (1932) –Red, green, & blue –3 rolls exposed simultaneously