1. European Religious Wars Mr. Simmons World History

2. French Religious Wars ► By 1560 Calvinism and Catholicism had become militant. ► (1562-1598) French Religious Wars ► Huguenots were protestants influenced by Calvinism. ► Monarchy was strongly Catholic, called the ultra-Catholics

3. French Religious Wars ► Civil War reigned for thirty years until 1589, and Henry of Navarre, a Huguenot, captured the throne. ► Henry converted to Catholicism to gain Catholic support ► He issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598, which made Catholicism as France’s official religion.

4. Militant Catholicism ► King Phillip of Spain, was supporter of militant Catholicism ► Insisted on strict adherence to Catholicism and the monarchy ► Phillip became a champion of Catholicism, he defeated the Turks and controlled the Netherlands. ► Spain was the world’s most populous empire in 1598, but Phillip had bankrupt the country by spending too much on war.

5. England under Elizabeth ► Elizabeth attained the throne in 1558 ► During her reign England became a Protestant leader and laid ground for becoming a world power. ► Act of Supremacy gave her supreme control over church and state ► Elizabeth’s foreign policy wa to maintain a balance of power between France and Spain. She did this by supporting one and then the other.

6. England under Elizabeth ► Elizabeth could not escape war with Spain ► In 1588, Spain sent the Armada (fleet of warships) to invade England. ► Spain did not have the man power or the ships to be victorious. ► England won the battle and the weather took the rest of the ships.

7. Discussion Questions ► How did religion play a role in the separation of power in Europe? ► On page 433, Queen Elizabeth gave a speech to her people what was the main point of the speech?

8. Economic and Social Crisis ► Inflation – rising prices – occurred when there was an influx of gold from the Americas and a shortage of land and food as the population grew. ► Economic slowdown hit as less imports came in from the Americas ► Population began to decline due to war, disease, and famine causing social tension

9. Witchcraft ► A witchcraft, or magic, hysteria had taken over Europe ► More than 100,000 people were accused of being witches ► Mostly single women were accused and were tortured until they confessed. ► By 1650, the hysteria had stopped and governments became stronger by stopping witch trials.

10. The Thirty Years’ War ► Last of the Religious wars ► All major European countries were involved except for England ► Struggle b/t France and Spain for European leadership ► Peace of Westphalia ended the war in 1648 and France emerged as dominant empire

11. The Thirty Years’ War ► Ended the Holy Roman Empire ► Most destructive war to date ► New weapons – flintlock musket fitted with a bayonet ► Led to governments supporting (more disciplined) standing armies ► By 1700 the French had a standing army of 400,000

12. English Revolutions ► English Revolution was a battle between parliament and the king to see who would have controlling power. ► James I believed in the “divine right of kings” parliament wanted this power too. ► Puritans disagreed with the Anglican Church and wanted it to be more Protestant ► Civil War broke out during the reign of Charles the I in 1642

13. English Revolutions ► Cavaliers (supporters of king) fought Roundheads (supporters of parliament) ► Oliver Cromwell, military genius of New Model Army, defeated the Cavaliers ► Charles was executed in 1649 ► Parliament abolished the monarchy and declared a commonwealth. ► After Cromwell's death parliament would reinstate the monarchy but keep much of the power.

14. English Revolutions ► A Catholic James the II would gain the throne in 1685. Religious conflict again brewed. ► William and Mary invaded England in what is called the Glorious Revolution. ► Parliament passed the Bill of Rights which set up laws and lain ground for constitutional monarchy ► Toleration Act of 1689 gave Puritans the right to worship and ended the divine right theory of kingship in England.

15. Discussion Questions 1. What causes inflation? 2. Did gender play a role in witch trials? 3. Today where is there still intense conflict b/t Protestants and Catholics? 4. Why was the Execution of Charles so horrifying in 1649?