1. RADON FILM-BADGES BY RADIATORS WITH NANOHOLES VERSUS EXISTING PASSIVE MONITORS L. Tommasino THL, Via Cassia 1727, 00123 Roma, Italy ltommasino@gmail.com

2. Rn atoms are nanoparticles.4 nm wide for entering nanoholes with.4 nm aperture Rn nanoparticles move through nanoholes in liquids and solids (Eyring, 1936)

4. Rn-monitors by diffusion chambers

5. A b sorber Thickness Part. Coeff. α CR-39 1 mm 0.06 Polycarbonate 0.3 mm 8 Holder-plastics 3 mm 0.5-0.75 (From More and Hubbard, 1997)

6. (From Pressianov and others)

7. LIQUID–LIKE POLYMERS (T>Tg) (Rubber, polyethylene) Transient nanoholes GLASS–LIKE POLYMERS (T< Tg) (Polycarbonate) Frozen nanoholes THERMOSETS-(CR-39)

8. Frozen nanoholes as sorptive sites Diffusion by molecular-induced jumps

9. EQUILIBRIUM SAMPLING: Fast Rn-a b sorption time Equilibrium time (Barrer, 1939) : T=d 2 /6D d the film thickness D the diffusivity

10. For a 300-μm-thick PC-film (CD) T=~ 30 days Non-equilibrium sampling For a PC-film thickness < 50 μm T < 5 hours Equilibrium sampling

12. CR-60 a b sorptive radiators with bulk-distributed nanoholes for: - obtaining compact and easy-to-deploy radon film-badges - increasing the response linearity of passive monitors -measuring soil-radon under equilibrium conditions -measuring radon directly in water. CR-60 Definition respectively for: - having a radon-diffusion length of about 60 μm at environmental temperature - being a Carbonate Radiator (CR) with a solubility of 60 ± 20 (i.e. in the range 40-80) -degrading maximum alpha-particle energy by a 64 μm-thick film - having a film-thickness not greater than 60 μm. CR-60 Characteristics depend on: - the polymer structure and morphology - the manufacturing processes - the shelf-life - the thermal history, etc.

13. Radiator (facing CR-39) Thickness (µm) Response [Tracks.m 3 / (cm 2. kBq.h) Metal-----------0.010±0.002 CR-60 (1 Makrofol N; Low solubility, S=40) 200.20 ± 0.02 CR-60 (2 Makrofol N) 400.34 ± 0.04 CR-60 (3 Makrofol N) 600.45 ± 0.05 CR-60 (4 Makrofol N) 800.42 ± 0.06

15. Two responses in one monitor Response Tracks.m 3 / (cm 2.kBq.h) Passive chambers 2.8 ± 0.7 (with CR-39) CR-60 (20 µm Makrofol N) 0.2 ± 0.03

16. Two Radiators PE Bag CR-39 Radon film badge for in-soil and in-water measurements

17. Large tubes are conducive to errors (Tanner, 1991)

18. Different volumes-Same responses

19. α (T) [C] Rn [C Rn ] water =α (T) [C Rn ] air

20. For large exposure measurements: Film-badges by a b sortpive radiators with bulk-enclosed nanoholes For low exposure measurements of one week or less: Film-badges by a d sortpive radiators with surface-distributed nanoholes

21. A D SORPTION Non-equilibrium sampling -activated-charcoals Equilibrium sampling -solid layers with surface-distributed nanoholes having very large surface to volume ratio.

22. CR-2000 a d sorptive radiators with surface-distributed nanoholes for: - measuring indoor radon-exposures for one week or less. CR-2000 Definition: -equilibrium Rn-adsorption of radon up to a concentration 2000 times of that present in the surrounding air. CR-2000 Characteristics depend on: - the manufacturing processes - the shelf-life - the storage environment

24. Sampler Response Tracks.m 3 /(cm 2.kBq.h) - CR-2000 ( A d sorptive radiator) 20 ± 4 -Passive chambers 2.8 ± 0.7 (with CR-39)

25. Uniquely-compact radon-film-badges with a b sorptive- and/or a d sorptive- radiators for: - indoor measurements for days, months, and years - using as a back-up monitor - correct soil-measurements - direct-in-water measurements

26. CR-0 bags for storing all types of monitors prior to and after the exposure are: - radon-proof bags -radon-free bags -bags sealable by pressure-type devices

27. CR-60, CR-2000, CR-0 available through a centralised distribution because of the: - need of custom-made radiators with desired characteristics - large cost of minimum-orders consisting of stocks up to 1000 kg - difficulty in handling and storing large volumes of materials in suitable low-radon environments Luigi Tommasino THL, Via Cassia 1727 00123 Roma, Italy ltommasino@gmail.com