1. Plants that Heal

2. What makes plants medicinal or therapeutic?  Primary metabolites: needed for the life of a plant; includes sugars, amino acids, proteins, fats and nucleic acids  Secondary metabolites: chemicals that are needed for specific stages of development; have various metabolic activities  3 major classes of secondary metabolites: alkaloids, terpenoids and phenolics

3. Alkaloids  bitter tasting organic compounds containing nitrogen  one of the most important medicinally active compounds  examples: morphine, caffeine,nicotine

4. Terpenoids  unsaturated hydrocarbons of plant resins and oils  examples:  1. isoprene  2. essential oils  3. taxol  4. rubber

5. Phenolics  compounds with -OH group attached to an aromatic ring  Examples:  1. flavonoids (purple pigments)  2. tannins (brownish coloration)  3. lignins  4. salicylic acid

6. How are medicinal plants used?  compress  decoction  essential oils  extracts  herbal vinegars  cloth soaked in warm or cool herbal solution and applied directly to injured areas  tea made from bark, root, seed and simmered for 20- 30 minutes  derived from plants through steam distillation or cold pressing  made by pressing plants and soaking in alcohol or water  plants put into vinegar and left to stand for 2 or more weeks

7.  infusion  ointments  poultices  powder  syrup  tincture  leaves, flowers and other parts of the plants are steeped, not boiled for 5-10 min. in hot water  an extract,tea, pressed juice or powdered from a herb is added to a salve  hot, soft mass of herbs spread on cloth and applied for up to 24 hours on areas of the body

8. Ethnobotanical Approach  1. A cosmological view of the universe is incorporated  2. A cultural context within which health care is given  3. A repertoire of pharmaceutical substances is utilized

9. Comparison of diseases  Indigenous  GI 15%  Derma 15%  Inflam 12%  Renal-blood11%  Nervous 10%  Antimicro 9%  Ob/gyn 7%  Cardivas 2%  Cancer 1%  Others 16%  Western  Nervous 29%  Renal-blood 17%  Ob/gyn 14%  Antimi 12%  Cardiovas 10%  Inflam 7%  Cancer 4%  GI 2%  Derma 1%  others 4%

10. Comparison bet. herbal medicines and conventional drugs  Conventional  based on isolated chemicals  many made synthetically  not part of the natural energy cycle and so are deficient in energy  Herbal medicine  based on whole plant  all are natural  are energy rich as they use the sun's energy

11.  use unnaturally high concentrations of chemicals  more dramatic in their action  lower the vitality of the body  use natural substances  are slower to work  enhance vitality of the body

12. Selected medicinal plants developed from Ethnobotanical sources

13. Cinchona sp. (Rubiaceae)

14.  source of quinine  bark used against malaria  malaria is the world's greatest killer  Cinchona was discovered by the Jesuits in South America used by the Indians

15. Filipendula ulmaria (Rosaceae)

16.  Source of salicylic acid  bark is boiled but very bitter and can cause stomach ache  no. 1 used for aches and pains and resulted to aspirin

17. Rauvolfia sp. (Apocynaceae)

18.  used by the Hindu people of Nepal and India  originally used to treat snakebites because the root resembled a snake  is now used to treat hypertension due to the chemical reserpine

19. Atropa belladonna (Solanaceae)

20.  also called deadly nightshade because it is very poisonous  women use drops from the leaves to make their pupils expand and produce wide-eyed, innocent look  used to treat glaucoma

21. Erythroxylum coca (Erythroxylaceae)

22.  coca leaves  used by Peruvians to control hunger  source of cocaine which act on the central nervous system so that the coca chewer feel invigorated and relatively immune to fatigue and hunger

23. Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae)

24.  Opium  called “joy plant” b the Sumerians  Arabs brought the plant to China  no. 1 choice as an analgesic in the form of morphine and codeine(very potent alkaloids)  heroin is the synthetic form

25. Digitalis purpurea (Scrophulariaceae)

26.  contains digitoxin and digoxin  used for atrial fibrillation or irregular heartbeats

27. Ephedra sinica (Ephedraceae)

28.  part used are the stems  contain ephedrine  also called ma huang in China  stimulates the central nervous system and may decrease appetite and elevate mood

29. Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae)

30.  contains eugenol which cures toothache  very aromatic and can be used as spice

31. Physostigma venenosum (Fabaceae)

32. Pilocarpus jaborandi (Rutaceae)

33.  source of physostigmine and pilocarpine respectively  both used for glaucoma

34. Camellia sinensis (Theaceae)

35.  active ingredient: caffeine  stimulant  contain theophylline which is a diuretic and used for asthma  also contain essential oils that are good antibacterial and antifungal agents  anti-oxidants ?

36. Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae)

37.  important chemicals are vinblastine and vincristine  used in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and pediatric leukemia

38. Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae)

39.  active ingredient is THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)  used as an anti-emetic

40. Philippine Medicinal Plants (DOH)  Akapulko (Cassia alata)

41. Ampalaya( Momordica charantia)

42. Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa)

43. Bawang, Bauang / Garlic (Allium sativum)

44. Bayabas (Psidium guajava)

45. Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

46. Gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn)

47. Lagundi (Vitex negundo)

48. Oregano (Origanum vulgare)

49. Pansit-Pansitan (Peperomia pellucida Linn.)

50. Sabila or Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis)

51. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera L.)

52. Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)

53. Tsaang Gubat or Wild Tea (Ehretia microphylla Lam.)

54. Yerba Buena (Mentha spicata)