1. Place- What does Europe look like? Landlocked- o Helped Europeans develop skills like sailing/fishing. o Helped economy grow- due to easier trade. -Peninsula- Europe is one large peninsula with many smaller peninsulas branching out from it. -Islands- Europe has many islands. o Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland- in Atlantic Ocean o Sicily, Crete and Cyprus- in Mediterranean Sea  Many cultures have emerged because of the separation between the various seas, rivers, and mountains.

2. Plains -Plains- Northern European Plains- large lowland stretches across northern half of mainland Europe o Rich Soil- farms highly productive  Grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy cattle o Energy and Mineral Resources-  Coal, iron ore, etc. -NEP- has high population due to the rich agricultural and industry. -Other lowlands that have rich soil to produce farming- o Hungarian Plain- east of Alps o Ukrainian Steppe- broad grassy plain north of the Black Sea

3. Mountains and Highlands -Highlands- northern border of NEP. -Highest Mountain Ranges- o Alpine Mountain System- includes  Alps- stretch from Spain to Balkan Peninsula  Pyrenees- between France and Spain  Carpathians- east-central Europe  Mt. Blanc- highest peak in the Alps of France- 4,807 meters

4. Mountains and Highlands Europe’s mountains have never completely blocked movement. - Passes- low areas between mountains, allow the movement of people and goods. Central Uplands- contain much of Europe’s coal Meseta- plateau in Spain on which people grow grains and raise livestock

5. Water Resources- Rivers and Lakes Many European rivers are navigable- or wide and deep enough for ships to use. -People and goods can sail easily from inland areas to open sea for trade. The Danube and Rhine- two of Europe’s longest rivers, are important for transporting goods. Lakes- cover very little of Europe. -Most lakes are found on the NEP or in Scandinavia. Highland lakes- northern Great Britain and the Alps- frequently visited for boating, fishing, and swimming

6. Resources- Energy Energy Resources- -Coal- major energy resource. Almost 1/2 of the world’s coal comes from Europe. o Coal Mining- provides jobs for many in U.K, Ukraine, Poland, and the Czech Republic. -Petroleum and Natural Gas- most productive oil fields lie beneath the North Sea, in areas controlled by the U.K. and Norway. o To discourage dependence on oil, European governments tax gasoline heavily. -Clean energy- hydroelectric power, wind power.

7. Resources- Natural Natural Resources- iron ore and manganese for steel, special clay to make fine china dishes, marble from Italy and granite from Norway, forest(dwindling due to deforestation), fertile soil, fish.