1. The Division of Asia Chapter 27 Section 3

2. The Division of Asia Read to Find Out Main Idea: The countries of Asia responded in various ways to imperialism Terms to define: Sepoy, viceroy, sphere of influence, culture system, westernization People to meet: Ci Xi, SunYat-sen, Mathew C. Mutsuhito, Diponeggoro, Emilio Aguinaldo Places to locate: Beijing, the East Indies, the Philippines, Indochina

3. The Division of Asia Overview The Italian explorer Marco Polo wrote the book, Description of the World –Many stories mentioned about Zipangu –East Asian Island –Filled with endless supply of gold –Inspired generations to look eastward to Asia dreaming of wealth

4. The British in India With sea routes, trade opened up to Asia No longer difficult overland routes British trade dates back to the 1500s In 1600, traders formed the East India Company—very powerful and influential comapany

5. The British in India After founding of East India Company, they built trading posts and forts throughout India The French East India Company also built trading posts and forts Robert Clive, East India Company agent, used British and Indian troops to defeat the French at the Battle of Plassey British expanded their influence with wars and commercial activities

6. The British in India The Sepoy Rebellion As a result of steady expansion, the East India Company came to control most of India by 1857 Sepoys were Indian Soldiers –They rebelled against their British commanders –There had been an earlier rebellion about the British coating the bullets for the new rifles with the fat of pigs and cows. The sepoys, soldiers in the British army, were outraged –Hindus regard cows as sacred and Muslims cannot touch pigs

7. The British in India The Sepoy Rebellion Before the greased bullet rumor, the sepoys resented the attempts by the British to convert them to Christianity and European customs Sepoy rebellion spread across northern and central India, often killing British men, women, and children British forces put down the uprising with great bloodshed—bitterness on both sides British tighten control Sent viceroy to rule—representing the king Treaties secured loyalty of independent states

8. The British in India Indian Nationalism British try to quell unrest by investing –Built roads, railway system, telegraph line, schools, universities, canals British officials discriminate against Indians: attempted to change ways –Farmers told to grow cotton for British textile mills instead of wheat: million starved Indians formed the Indian National Congress to seek independence through political action

9. China Faces the West Britain and other European countries trade with China During 1500s, Chinese civilization is highly advanced –Little interest in European products –Limited trade during next 300 years Under Qing Dynasty, China’s political, economic and military position languishes Qing emperors ruled 1644-1912

10. China Faces the West The Unequal Treaties British merchants use opium to break trade barrier with China –In exchange for silk, tea, and porcelain—and to avoid paying cash—merchants smuggled in opium Drug came from India and turkey Opium would be worth lots of $ on the market China attempts to stop the opium trade British gun ships put down China’s resistance China lacks modern weapons

11. China Faces the West The Unequal Treaties British victory in the opium war led to Treaty of Nanking in 1842 –First of many “unequal treaties” over 60 years –Yield many rights to western powers –Granted British war payments and the island of Hong Kong –British citizens permitted to live under different laws –Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) weakened Qing Dynasty

12. China Faces the West The Unequal Treaties In 1890s, European powers and Japan claimed large sections of china as spheres of influence—exclusive trading rights United States did not claim sphere of influence U.S. tried to open trade relations through the Open Door Policy –Other powers reluctantly agreed to this policy in 1899

13. China Faces the West Chinese Responses Some reformers in China did attempt to modernize and end some Western practices of extraterritoriality –Lack of government support –China remained weak and lost war with Japan in 1894—Japan gained island of Taiwan, Liaodong Peninsula, trading benefits, and influence in Korea

14. China Faces the West Chinese Responses China launches 100 days of reform under young emperor under Guang Xu (gwang- SHYOO) –Attempt to modernize –Conservative led by his mother, Ci Xi (TSUH*SEE) returned to power, arrested th emperor, and halted the reforms

15. China Faces the West Chinese Responses Anti-foreign feelings led to secret societies –The Righteous and Harmonious Fists Practiced Chinese form of boxing Westerners called them the “Boxers” Boxers carried out attacks against foreigners and Chinese Christians –Western powers and Japan sent multinational force and put down the rebellion

16. China Faces the West The Revolution of 1911 Chinese people lost confidence in Ci Xi and Qing Dynasty –Revolutionaries wanted reform –Sun Yat-sen, a doctor, was revolutionary leader Formed the United league-Guomingdang (Nationalist Party)

17. China Faces the West The Revolution of 1911 Nationalist Party goal to modernize based on three principles –Nationalism—no foreign control –Democracy—representative government –Livelihood—good economy The Qing Dynasty weakened further and an uprising from workers, soldiers, and court officials swept Sun Yat-sen into office

18. Modernization in Japan Japan resisted trade with the West Cut off all trade with West until early 1600s Military commander called shogun ruled Japan Japan had an emperor but basically no power

19. Modernization of Japan In 1853, Commodore Mathew C. Perry sailed into the bay at Edo (Tokyo) Japan and proposed a trade treaty –Japan, concerned about what happened with China, signed the agreement

20. The Meiji Leaders Other treaties followed with European nations: Britain, France, Holland, etc –All favored the European nations –Unhappy with the situation, the Japanese replaced the shogun leader with a new emperor, Mutsuhito Known as the Meiji (MAY*jee) “enlightened” leader Japan’s new leaders were called Meiji

21. The Meiji Leaders Attempted to make Japan a great power Japan wanted to compete with Europe –Their slogan: “Rich country, strong military” –Introduced parliamentary government –Boosted the military –Moved forward with industrialization –Universal education Goal: loyal, skilled citizens

22. Industrialization Revised the tax structure for “seed” money Developed modern currency Built infrastructure –Postal, telegraph, railroads, ports Growing population—cheap labor By 1914, Japan had become a leading industrial nation

23. Japan as a World Power Japan began to look to increase its strength further –Korea was the likely choice for imperialistic actions Japan gained partial control over Korean trade But, Russia also had interests in Korea

24. Japan as a World Power Japan and Russia fought the Russo- Japanese War –Japan defeated Russia –The Battle of Port Arthur was the deciding battle Japan’s defeat of Russia was significant because a non-European nation had defeated a European nation

25. Southeast Asia Islands –The East Indies –The Philippines Mainland –To the north and west is Southeast Asia Includes Indochina and Malay Peninsula Review map for review of colonizers

26. The Islands of Southeast Asia When the Philippines helped the United States defeat Spain in 1898, the U.S. promised to give them independence –The U.S. broke its promise and rule the Philippines as a colony –Philippines rose up against the U.S., but the U.S. defeated them.

27. Mainland Southeast Asia Struggles between Europeans for economic control brought destruction and disturbance to Southeast Asia –Traditional ways of life changed –Forced to grow cash crops –Forced to work mines