1. PROTEIN BASED STORAGE

2. Contents Overview History of protein memory RAM Types Protein Memory
Data Write, Read & Erase techniques
Practical Memory Cell
Protein memory vs conventional RAM
Applications
Present status

3. Overview Protein memory is an experimental means of storing data.
Using proteins ,that respond to light from bacteria found in salt water, a small cube can store large amounts of data.
By using lasers, the protein can be changed depending on various wave lengths, allowing them to store and recall data. As a result protein can be used to store enormous amounts of data using lasers to read and write binary code.

4. History of protein memory
Protein memory was discovered by Walther Stoeckenius and Dieter Oesterhelt at Rockefeller University in New York.
They discovered that a protein isolated from a salt marsh bacterium exhibited photosensitive properties. They called this protein bacteriorhodopsin ,because it was very similar to the protein, rhodopsin that founds in the eyes of humans and animals.

5. RAM Types
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
SRAM (Static RAM)

6. DRAM (Dynamic RAM) SRAM (Static RAM) Cheaper and widely used
Must be refreshed every few millisecond
Cheaper and widely used
Low power consumption
SRAM (Static RAM)
Faster than DRAM
Costly

7. Protein memory
How Protein Memory compete with electronic memory?
Speed
Reliability
Capability
Cost
Basic unit of Protein Memory Bacterial protein molecule - Bacteriorhodopsin (bR)

8. Bacteriorhodopsin ( bR )
Purple membranes of Halo bacterium halobium.
Changes mode of operation upon light incident.
Light energy to chemical energy conversion.

9. Why bR?
bR grows in salt marshals
Where temp can exceed 150 degree Farad for extended time period
Salt concentration in aprx 6 times that of sea water
Survival indicates its resistance to thermal and photochemical damages
Excellent optical characteristics & Long term stability

10. Photo cycle of Bacteriorhodopsin
Chromophore – Light absorbing component
Light energy triggers a series of complex internal structural changes - Photocycle

11. Photo cycle of Bacteriorhodopsin

12. Molecular Structure
Quite similar to ‘Rhodopsin’, the light detecting pigment in retinas of human eye

13. Data Writing technique Photo cycle

14. Data Reading technique Photo cycle

15. Data Erasing Technique
Blue laser erases encoded data
Q state absorb blue light and return to original bR state
Individual data can be erased using blue laser

16. bR Memory Cell by Bob Birge
- Implemented a prototype memory
- bR molecules to store digital bits

17. Birge’s Memory Cell Stores data with 10,000 molecules per bit
Molecule switches in 500 femtoseconds
Speed only limited by laser steering speed
Estimated that Data stored live around 5 years without any refreshment

18. Birge’s Memory Cell VS Conventional Electronic RAM
Data access
300 times faster than conventional RAM
Storage Capacity
4096 x 4096 bits page
16 Mb per page
1000 such pages
16 Gb total capacity

19. Birge’s Memory Cell VS Conventional Electronic RAM
Data Stability
Data is highly stable
Even the power is off, memory retain its information
Energy efficient computer that can be switched on/off instantly
No waste of booting time

20. Birge’s Memory Cell VS Conventional Electronic RAM
Transportation
Can remove small data cubes and ship gigabytes of data
No moving parts – safer than small hard drives
Can operate in wider range of temperatures

21. Birge’s Memory Cell VS Conventional Electronic RAM
Cost
bR protein can be produced in large volumes at low price
Birge’s memory cell costs 2 US $ and can store 7 Gb.

22. Applications of bR Ultra fast RAM Finger print processing
Optical switches
Neural Logic gates (genetic engineering)

23. Present Status Not used for commercial applications.
Used for military and scientific applications..
Researches are going on for….
High speed high capacity memory for commercial applications
Ultimate machine intelligence with the aid of genetic engineering (A memory that mimics human brain).
Carry a small encyclopedic cube containing all the information we need !!.

24. Conclusion
During the past decade, the speed of computer processors increased almost 1,000 times, where as data storage capacities increased only by a factor of 50. Also, the transfer of data within the computer remains the principal bottleneck that limits performance.
Protein memories use laser beam, which improve their life with reduction in wear and tear.

25. THANK YOU