1. AP Psychology Prologue & Ch. 1 History of Psychology Psychology as a Science

2. History of Psychology Psychology-The science of behavior and mental processes Psychology looks at 4 major issues: -rationality vs. irrationality -nature vs. nurture -stability vs. change -observation vs. introspection

3. Important Figures and Perspectives in Psychology Freud: Believed in Psychoanalytic Theory and that people were products of their subconscious (unconscious) minds. Looked at dreams. Jung: Believed in Analytic Psychology and followed Freud. Was more spiritual. Darwin: Believed in Individual Differences and Survival of the Fittest also known as Natural Selection.

4. Important Figures and Perspectives Beck, Bandura, Piaget: Believed in Cognitive Psychology-that we are a result of our thoughts and how we view the world. Pavlov, Skinner, Watson, Locke: Believed that we are a result of what we observe, also known as behavioral psychology. Locke believed in “tabula rasa” or blank slate.

5. Important Figures & Perspectives Neuroscience Perspective: Emphasizes that behavior is influenced by brain chemistry Adler: Believed in Birth Order and Education Rogers & Maslow: Believed that all people are born good, also known as humanistic psychology.

6. Experimental Psychology 3 types of studies in psychology: The Survey The Correlation The Experiment

7. Survey Take opinions on two concepts and see which one has greater support or influence

8. Correlation Correlations run from -1 to +1 and can be considered positive or negative. The value tells the strength while the sign tells the direction. A positive correlation signifies two items moving in the same direction while a negative correlation signifies two items moving in opposite directions. -.75 is stronger than +.55 -1.0 and + 1.0 are the strongest correlations

9. Scatterplots Scatterplots show correlation A positive correlation is shown with a line that goes down to the left and up to the right. A negative correlation is shown with a line that goes up to the left and down to the right. A zero correlation has no line that can be drawn.

10. Experiments While correlations have no cause-effect, experiments do. The experiment proves to show that one variable causes another such as aspirin causing a reduction in headaches. Independent Variable: (IV) Introduced by the experimenter to change the results Dependent Variable: (DV): Measured by the experimenter

11. Experiments Placebo Effect: Something believed to be causing the results which is really psychological. Random Sample: Ensures everyone in the population has an equal chance to be selected Random Assignment: Equally assigns people to the control and experimental groups reducing the likelihood of preexisting differences.

12. Experiments Baseline Measurement: Initial value before implementing procedures Post Measurement: Value after implementing procedures Control Group: Group which does not receive the independent variable Experimental Group: Group which receives the independent variable.

13. Experiments Hawthorne Effect: Researcher bias which affects the experiment Single Blind: When the subject does not know which group the subjects are in. Double Blind: When the subjects and researcher do not know which group the subjects are in.