1. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 4 Organ Systems of the Body

2. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 2 Objectives Define and contrast the terms organ and organ system List the 11 major organ systems of the body Identify and locate the major organs of each major organ system Briefly describe the major functions of each major organ system Identify and discuss the major subdivisions of the reproductive system Describe the current approaches to organ replacement

3. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 3 Definitions and Concepts Organ—a structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues that can together perform a more complex function than a single tissue Organ system—a group of organs that perform a more complex function than can any organ alone A knowledge of individual organs and how they are organized into groups makes more meaningful the understanding of how a particular organ system functions as a whole

4. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 4 Organ Systems of the Body Integumentary system –Structure—organs Only one organ, the skin, has many appendages (attached structures) –Skin appendages –Hair –Nails –Microscopic sense receptors –Sweat glands –Oil glands

5. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 5 Organ Systems of the Body Integumentary system –Functions Protection—primary function Regulation of body temperature Synthesis of chemicals Sense organ

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7. 7 Organ Systems of the Body Skeletal system (Figure 4-2) –Structure Bones—organs of the skeletal system –206 named bones in the skeleton –Additional variable bones occur in each individual Cartilage connects and cushions joined bones Ligaments—bands of fibrous tissue that hold bones together Joints—connections between bones that make movement possible

8. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 8 Organ Systems of the Body Skeletal system –Functions Supporting framework for entire body Protection of brain and internal organs Movement (with joints and muscles) Storage of minerals Formation of blood cells

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10. 10 Organ Systems of the Body Muscular system –Structure Muscles are the primary organs –Voluntary or striated skeletal muscle –Involuntary or smooth muscle tissue in walls of some organs –Cardiac muscle in wall of the heart –Function—movement –Skeletomuscular system—combination of the skeletal and muscular systems

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12. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 12 Organ Systems of the Body Nervous system –Structure Central nervous system (CNS) –Brain –Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) –Cranial nerves and their branches –Spinal nerves and their branches –Sense organs

13. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 13 Organ Systems of the Body Nervous system –Functions Communication between body organs Integration of body functions Control of body functions Recognition of sensory stimuli

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15. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 15 Organ Systems of the Body Endocrine system –Structure—ductless glands that secrete signaling hormones directly into the blood

16. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 16 Organ Systems Endocrine system –Structure Pituitary gland Pineal gland Hypothalamus Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Thymus gland Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovaries (female) Testes (male)

17. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 17 Organ Systems of the Body Endocrine system –Functions Same as nervous system—communication, integration, control Control is slow and of long duration Neuroendocrine system—combination of nervous and endocrine systems

18. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 18 Organ Systems of the Body Endocrine system –Functions Examples of hormone regulation –Growth –Metabolism –Reproduction –Fluid and electrolyte balance

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20. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 20 Organ Systems of the Body Cardiovascular system (also referred to as circulatory system) –Structure Heart Blood vessels

21. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 21 Organ Systems of the Body Cardiovascular (circulatory) system –Functions Transportation of substances throughout the body Regulation of body temperature Immunity (body defense)

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23. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 23 Organ Systems of the Body Lymphatic and immune systems –Lymphatic system Structure –Lymphatic vessels –Lymph nodes and tonsils –Thymus –Spleen

24. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 24 Organ Systems of the Body Lymphatic and immune systems –Lymphatic system Functions –Transportation of lymph –Immunity

25. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 25 Organ Systems of the Body Lymphatic and immune systems –Immune system Structure –Unique cells »Phagocytes Secretory cells – Defensive protein compounds »Antibodies »Complements

26. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 26 Organ Systems of the Body Lymphatic and immune systems –Immune system Functions –Phagocytosis of bacteria –Chemical reactions that provide protection from harmful agents

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28. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 28 Organ Systems of the Body Respiratory system –Structure Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs

29. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 29 Organ Systems of the Body Respiratory system –Functions Exchange of waste gas (carbon dioxide) for oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs Filtration of irritants from inspired air Regulation of acid-base balance

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31. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 31 Organ Systems of the Body Digestive system –Structure Primary organs—form alimentary canal, or GI tract –Mouth –Pharynx –Esophagus –Stomach –Small intestine –Large intestine –Rectum –Anal canal

32. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 32 Organ Systems of the Body Digestive system –Structure Accessory organs—assist the digestive process –Teeth –Salivary glands –Tongue –Liver –Gallbladder –Pancreas –Appendix

33. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 33 Organ Systems of the Body Digestive system –Functions Mechanical and chemical breakdown (digestion) of food Absorption of nutrients Elimination of undigested waste product— referred to as feces Appendix holds bacteria that assist digestion

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35. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 35 Organ Systems of the Body Urinary system –Structure Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra (part of both urinary and reproductive systems in males)

36. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 36 Organ Systems of the Body Urinary system –Functions “Clearing” or cleaning blood of waste products—excreted from the body as urine Electrolyte balance Water balance Acid-base balance

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38. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 38 Organ Systems of the Body Reproductive systems –Structure Male –Gonads—testes –Other structures—vas deferens, urethra, prostate, external genitalia (penis and scrotum)

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40. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 40 Organ Systems of the Body Reproductive system –Structure Female –Gonads—ovaries –Other structures—uterus, uterine (fallopian) tubes, vagina, external genitalia (vulva), mammary glands (breasts)

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42. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 42 Organ Systems of the Body Reproductive system –Functions Survival of genes Production of sex cells (male: sperm; female: ova) Transfer and fertilization of sex cells Development and birth of offspring Nourishment of offspring Production of sex hormones

43. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 43 Integration of Body Organ System Functions No one body system functions entirely independently of other systems All body systems are structurally and functionally interrelated and interdependent

44. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 44

45. Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 45 Organ Replacement Loss of function in nonvital organs is not immediately life threatening; loss of function in vital organs is immediately life threatening Loss of function in organs can be treated by organ replacement –Artificial organs (prostheses) –Organ transplantation –Free-flap surgery –Stem cell treatment

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