1. Ecosystem Model

2. Flow chart 1 3 E Ecosystems Terrestrial Aquatic Biomes 2 4
Organization of Ecosystem
Species
Population
Communities
Ecosystem
Energy Cycles Through Ecosystem
Water Cycle
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen Cycle 1 3 E
Ecosystems
Terrestrial
Aquatic
Biomes 2 4
Energy Flow Through Ecosystem
Food Web
Food Chains
Trophic Levels
Relationship Among Organisms
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
symbiosis

3. Organization of Ecosystem
Species
Population
Communities
Ecosystem

4. 3.1 Ecosystems
Factors such as food, water, shelter, and space affect populations in an ecosystem.

5. What is an ecosystem?
All living & non-living things that interact in an environment

6. Biotic is living things in an ecosystem
What are Ecosystems Factors?
Biotic is living things in an ecosystem
Abiotic is nonliving things in an ecosystem.

7. What are Some Types of Ecosystems?
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Terrestrial ecosystems are ecosystems on land.
They can be as big as a continent, or as small as an island!
They make up about 28% of the entire World’s ecosystems.

8. Examples of Terrestrial Ecosystems
Forests
Deserts
Grasslands
Forest:
Desert:
Grassland:

9. Ecosystems that are in the water
Aquatic Ecosystems
Ecosystems that are in the water
There are TWO types of aquatic ecosystems.
Freshwater
Saltwater.
Picture retrieved from:
Aquatic information retrieved from:
And:

10. Saltwater Ecosystems Saltwater ecosystems have very salty water.
They make up the vast majority of the Earth’s ecosystems.
Some examples of saltwater ecosystems are oceans and coral reefs.
Water picture retrieved from:
Coral reef picture retrieved from:

11. What Do Organisms in an ecosystem need?

12. Organisms in an ecosystem need…
food

13. Organisms in an ecosystem need…
food
shelter

14. Organisms in an ecosystem need…
food
shelter
AIR
Water

15. Organisms in an ecosystem need…
food
shelter
AIR
LIMITING FACTORS
Space
Water

16. What are the rules of an ecosystem?
Everything is connected to everything else.
2. Everything must go somewhere in an environment

17. Organisms live together in many different levels and classifications.

18. Levels of Organization in Ecosystems
Species: An organism that creates a viable, fertile offspring through the process of reproduction.

19. Levels of Organization in Ecosystems
Population: A group of organisms of the same species living at the same place at the same time.

20. Levels of Organization in Ecosystems
Community: Different populations of organisms interacting with each other in the same habitat.

21. Levels of Organization in Ecosystems
Habitat: The place and conditions in which a population and biological community exist.

22. Organization Pyramid
Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Population Species Organisms Organ System Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules Atoms

23. Importance of the habitat
Organisms need to satisfy all of their needs for life within their habitats.
They compete for
Food
Water
Shelter
Space

24. Importance of the habitat
Competition- interaction between individuals or populations for available resources. This usually has a negative effect for all organisms.

25. Importance of the habitat
Niche
An organism’s role, or “job” within the habitat and ecosystem.
This includes…..
- The specific area an organism inhabits
- The role or function of an organism or species in an ecosystem.
- The interaction of all biotic and abiotic factors relating to it.

26. Energy Flow Through Ecosystem
Food Web
Food Chains
Trophic Levels

27. What is energy?
The ability to do work.
All living things need energy to survive.

28. Why is energy important to an ecosystem?
All organisms require energy for growth, maintenance, reproduction, locomotion, etc..
For all organisms there must be: A source of energy
2. A loss of usable energy

29. What is the ultimate source of all energy in any ecosystem?
The SUN
Without it, the most basic forms of life would not exist

30. Energy Flow Key Terms Autotroph Omnivore Producer Decomposer
Photosynthesis
Heterotroph
Consumer
Herbivore
Carnivore
Omnivore
Decomposer
Food web
Trophic level
Ecological pyramid
Biomass

31. What are producers? Lowest part of the cycle Also called autotrophs
Organisms that make their own food by capturing energy from the sun.
Lowest part of the cycle
Also called autotrophs
EX: Plants, green
algae, some bacteria

32. How do some organisms make their own food?
Photosynthesis is the process that organisms use to make their food from the sun’s light.

33. What are consumers?
Consumers are organisms that feed on other organisms.
Cannot acquire energy from the sun
Energy flows from sun to organism to organism
Also called heterotrophs
Different types of heterotrophs:
Herbivores - Vegetation
Omnivores - Meat and Vegetation
Carnivores – Meat
Scavengers – meat and decaying meat
Detritivores - Decaying organic matter

34. What is a primary consumer?
A primary consumer is an organism that eats the producer. Like a rabbit that eats a carrot.
Also called Herbivores – only eats plants

35. What are secondary consumers?
Organisms that feed on primary consumers are secondary consumers. Also called Carnivores Ex. A wolf that eats a rabbit

36. Consumers can be further divided into groups:
quaternary consumer (top)
tertiary consumer
secondary consumer
Primary consumer
The last consumer in a chain, which is not usually eaten by any other consumer, is often referred to as the top consumer.

37. What are decomposers?
organisms that feed on dead organism, break them down into simple nutrients or fertilizers.
Also called Detritivores
EX: fungi and bacteria

38. What do you think?

39. Consumer or producer?

40. What are they also called?
Consumer or producer?
What are they also called?

41. Primary or secondary consumers?
What are they also called?

42. Primary or secondary consumers?
What are they also called?

43. Primary or secondary consumers?

44. Producer, consumer, or decomposer?

45. How does energy move through an ecosystem?
Energy moves from one organisms to another when it is eaten.

46. What are Trophic Levels
Each step in this transfer of energy is know as a trophic level
The main trophic levels are producers, consumers, and decomposers

47. What is the Food Chains ?
The energy flow from one trophic level to the other
A food chain is simple and direct
It involves one organism at each trophic level
Primary Consumers – eat producers
Secondary Consumers – eat the primary consumers
Tertiary Consumer-eat the secondary consumer
Decomposers – bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms and recycle the material back into the environment

48. What is a Food Web Most organisms eat more than JUST one organism
When more organism are involved it is known as a FOOD WEB
Food webs are more complex and involve lots of organisms

49. Transfer of Energy
When a zebra eats the grass, it does not obtain all of the energy the grass has (much of it is not eaten)
When a lion eats a zebra, it does not get all of the energy from the zebra (much of it is lost as heat)

50. Law of Thermodynamics
2nd Law of Thermodynamics: energy is not transferred from one object/organism to the next with 100% efficiency.
Some of the energy is lost to the environment.
Energy Pyramid shows the amounts of energy that moves from one level to the next

51. Energy Flow
The ecological pyramid shows the relative amounts of energy or matter.
Producers make up the first level
Consumers make up the second, third and higher

52. Energy Flow
Only about 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level.
The other 90% is used by the organism to carry out its life processes or it is lost to the environment
Biomass is the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level.

53. Ecological Pyramid

54. Energy Flow

56. Food Web: land and water connected

57. Food Chain

58. Food Web
Notice that the direction the arrow points  the arrow points in the direction of the energy transfer, NOT “what ate what”

59. Energy Transfer
Only about 10% of energy is transferred from one level to the next
The other 90% is used by the organism to carry out its life processes or it is lost to the environment

60. Food Web

61. Ecological Pyramid
An ecological pyramid shows the relationship between consumers and producers at different trophic levels in an ecosystem
Shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained at each trophic level
The Pyramid shows which level has the most energy and the highest number of organisms

62. Ecological Pyramid only 10% of energy is passed on through consumption

63. Ecological Pyramid Which level has the most energy?
Which level has the most organisms?
Which level has the least organisms?
Which level has the least energy?