1. Lesson 14 Finish Discussion of Symmetry and Reciprocal Space
Growing Crystals
Collecting Data

2. Fourier Series

4. Apply to screw axis
If a point is exactly on the screw axis then it will only be translated since the rotation will not move it at all
For P21/c the rotation is along b so a point at x=0 y=anything z=0 is on the screw axis (remember we do not need to consider the offset)‏
Thus in reciprocal space for 0,k,0 the point only has ½ cell translation resulting in the presence 0,k,0 k=2n

5. In general For a d dimensional screw axis
If along c then 0,0,l l=dn (i.e. For a 3 fold 3n Since the handedness of the 3 fold does not survive the Fourier transform this is also true for 32).
If along a then h,0,0 h=dn
For a 63 since the translation involves 3/6 or ½ the cell the presences are 2n not 6n

6. For a Glide Plane
If the point sits in the plane of the mirror then it only undergoes translation.
For the c-glide in P21/c the mirror is x,0,z (ignoring the offset) and the translation is along c resulting in h,0,l l=2n
For the n-glide the translation is along the diagonal moving to x=1/2+x, z=1/2+z so the presence is h,0,l h+l=2n
A point not in the plane does not undergo a simple translation so there is no general presences.

7. Centering Centering is applied to every point.
For c centering for every point x,y,z there is an equivalent point a 1/2+x,1/2+y,z.
The presence is hkl,h+k=2n
For a centering k+l=2n
For b centering h+l=2n
For i centering h+k+l=2n
For f centering a and b and c

8. Use Systematic Absences
By using the systematic absences we can assign the possible space groups.
Frequently more than one possible space group is possible.
Use table in volume A of the International Tables for Crystallography
Look at space groups.

9. Program XPREP This is the program for working with completed data
It will check for centering
It will look at equivalent reflections to determine a Laue Group
It will look at systematic absences to determine possible space groups
It will transform the space group into the standard setting.

10. The Energetics of Crystal Growth
For a process to occur spontaneously we know that ΔG must be negative
ΔG=ΔH-TΔS where G is the Gibb's Free Energy; H is the energy difference between the initial and final states and S is the entropy
Since crystals are very ordered forming a crystal always results in a negative change in the entropy!
Therefore the energy of the crystal must be lower than that of the system it is grown from.

11. Sources for Energy Ionic Interactions Dipole-dipole interactions
If a molecule has a dipole than one end is + and the other -
Results in a head to tail interaction or inversion center
Hydrogen bonding
Π-Π interactions
Van der Waals interactions

12. Relations between cell constants and crystal faces.
Many, though not all crystals, crystallize on primary faces (1,0,0) (0,1,0) (0,0,1)‏
In general the shorter the axis the stronger the interaction along it. Therefore it pays to have as many short axis repeats in the crystal
Therefore a crystal with one short and two long axes will grow as needles.
Crystals with two short and one long one will grow as plates.
Changing crystallization conditions will not alter this

13. What is Crystallization
Crystallization is the process of trying to arrange a collection of molecules or ions to maximize the attractive forces and minimize the repulsive ones.
This is best accomplished at equilibrium where the crystal components are free to enter and leave the lattice.
This means it must be done slowly.

14. Crystallization involving solvents
Choose a solvent in which the compound is moderately soluble. If it is too soluble the crystallization will occur rapidly as the last bit of solvent evaporates.
If possible try to avoid solvents that hydrogen bond. The less stable the solution the bigger the difference in energy between the solution and the crystal.
Avoid low boiling solvents especially diethyl ether.

15. Look at some methods

16. Selecting Crystals Crystals should have well defined faces.
They should have smooth faces without imperfections.
Should not be larger than 0.5mm in the long direction
If light goes through them they should be examined under a polarizing microscope.
Obviously must make accommodations for the real world.

17. Polarizing Microscope

18. General Position

19. Interference Colors

20. Extinction

21. Some Comments on Extinction
Cubic crystals are isotropic and hence always dark!
Hexagonal, trigonal and tetragonal crystal have an isotropic axis (c). When looked at down that axis the crystals will always be dark
In triclinic and most faces in monoclinic crystals the extinction directions may be a function of wavelength. Instead of going black the will get dark blue then go dark red or vice versa. This is ok
Some crystals change colors under one polarizer—dichroism.

22. Selecting a Crystal
It is worth spending some time with the microscope to get the best crystal.
Make sure the crystal is representative of the batch.
Size is not as important as quality
Remember—The quality of the final structure depends almost entirely on the quality of the crystal studied!

23. Crystal Mounting
Crystals are typically mounted on a glass or quartz fiber (at Purdue I use quartz). Since these materials are not crystalline they do not diffract but they can scatter the beam.
Crystals can be glued to the fiber with epoxy, super glue, or thermal glue for room temperature work.
For low temperature work grease (Apeazon H) can be used.

24. Goniometer Head

25. Magnetic Caps

26. Film Methods

27. Rotation Photograph

28. Weissenberg Photos

30. Problems Must align about a real axis Alignment is fairly fast.
Exposure takes days.
Picture is hard to read.
Film is curved so Polaroid cannot be used

31. How to get data? Must determine the intensity of the spots.
To do this must compare the intensities to some scale.
To expand the cell the camera holds six films. The front one is used for weak reflections while the last one is used for strong reflections
The six films are scaled by common spots.
How do you determine standard uncertainty?
Very tedious and inexact.

32. Using Film Very low background –can take very long exposures
Fairly sensitive to radiation
Covers a wide area.
Obviously slow to expose and very tedious to measure the intensities off of.
No one uses anymore—in fact it is hard to find good quality film.

33. Next Time Diffractometers and area detectors
Tour the lab and look at the equipment.
Start to look at how the instruments are used at Purdue.

34. Homework Go to http://www.nonius.nl/manuals/index.html
Read the KappCCD Users Manual
Read the Collect Users Manual
Read the Technical Users Manual
You can skip parts dealing with installation, troubleshooting, maintenance, etc.