1. N.S. Lecture 3 – Biochemistry is broken up into 3 parts - this is part 3b

2. Hemoglobin carries oxygen Antibodies fight disease Fibers gives cell’s shape Fibers clot blood PROTEINS PROVIDE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION TO LIFE 33

3. Some foods high in protein 34

4. Proteins are polymers made-up of monomers called amino acids. Protein (polymer) = all blue circles linked together 35 Amino acid (monomer) = each individual blue circle

5. Amino Acids Dipeptide Polypeptide or Protein Proteins 36

6. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF AMINO ACIDS -20 different amino acids -Each amino acid has a different structure -Each amino acid is like a letter in the alphabet -Each letter (amino acid) can be linked with any other letter, in any order, for any length, to make an infinite number of words (proteins) -In English only certain combinations of letters (amino acids) form words (proteins) with meaning. -In living things the proteins (words) determine everything about structure and function of life (language). -Only certain combinations of amino acids produce proteins that have meaning in a specific living thing. 37

7. Alphabet (26 letters): A B C D E F …………..…………….Z Amino Acids (20 different one): AA1 AA2 AA3 AA4 AA5 AA6………………………….AA20 Words (sentence with 35 letters): “I hope that you get an A grade in Natural Science 100” Proteins (hemoglobin with 400 amino acids): AA3-AA2-AA4-AA6-AA1-AA1-……-AA400 amino acids (some used more than once) Amino Acids 38

8. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z These 26 letters can be put together in any order for any length to form an infinite number of words. Only a finite number of the possible words have meaning in the English language Letters of alphabet assembled for Spanish text have no meaning in English JXTRETZ 39

9. 20 different Amino Acids Human DNA Human DNA assembles human proteins Dog DNA assembles dog proteins Dog DNA 40

10. These 20 different amino acids are analogous to an alphabet with 20 letters Each letter can be put together in any order, for any length to form an infinite number of proteins (words) 41

11. Hemoglobin is a protein (like a word) composed of almost 400 amino acids (like letters) 42

12. How do amino acids link to each other? Any car can be linked to any other car in any order for any length 43

13. OH HO O Dehydration (removal of water) synthesis (uniting) Monomer A Dipeptide (dimer = two monomers) HOH (Monomer A) (Monomer B) Amino Acid B (Monomer B) Dipeptide (dimer) formation Amino acid A (Monomer A) 44

14. Amino acids (like letters) Green part varies in each amino acid 45

15. I P B L T D Building more complex R groups is like adding additional parts to the letter I to form the letters L, P, B, D, or T. 46

16. Elephantx Letters spell word (protein) that means Elephant Changing “e” for “x” does not spell a word that means Elephant (or anything else) 47

17. Two amino acids are replaced; protein structure and function changes Normal structure = normal function Abnormal structure = abnormal function 48

18. Amino acid substitutions that have been found Amino acid substitutions that result in a disease Amino acid substitutions resulting sickle cell anemia Hemoglobin is polypeptide made of almost 400 amino acids. Normal RBC Sickle RBC Amino acid substitution (mutation) in hemoglobin results in sickle cell anemia 49

19. HIV White blood cell HIV (red dots) attacking white blood cell Protein–Protein match up during infection HIV 50

20. Mad Cow Disease – a infectious protein called a prion destroys the brain tissue of cows. Cows are destroyed because prion is known to jump species from cows to humans Cows dead from mad cow in 1997 51

21. Neurological changes in brain tissue caused by prions Normal brain tissue (solid)Prion brain tissue (holes) 52

22. Plants Make all amino acids no essential amino acids Animals make some amino acids cannot make some amino acids – called essential amino acids 53

23. All amino acids Photosynthesis Green plants 54

24. Animals must eat plants or other animals to acquire specific essential amino acids Muscles and brains allow animals to acquire food 55

25. Biologically Important Organic Molecules Hydrocarbons – Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) Carbohydrates – C, H, Oxygen (O) Proteins – C, H, O, Nitrogen (N), Sulfur(S) Lipids – C, H, O Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, Phosphorous (P) 56

26. Lipids Fat storage cells 57

27. Lipids (fats) = polymers made of monomers called fatty acids and glycerol glycerol Fatty acid 58

28. A triglyceride 3 fatty acids 1 glycerol 1 2 3 59

29. Unsaturated carbon=carbon bond Saturated carbon-carbon bond 60

30. Be able to recognize saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids saturated unsaturated 61

31. 62