1. Regional Integration in Africa Dr Djacoba Liva Tehindrazanarivelo Boston University Geneva Programme HEID Summer Course Geneva, 30 June 2008

2. D. L. Tehindrazanarivelo2 Outline 1. The quest for regional integration in Africa: the Abuja Treaty framework and its place within the AU agenda 2. The forms of existing regional economic communities (RECs) in Africa 3. Discussions - the proliferation of RECs in Africa and the process of continental integration - external powers and Africa: EU, US and China

3. D. L. Tehindrazanarivelo3 1.1 The Abuja Treaty Framework  Origins of the Abuja Treaty: Monrovia Declaration (1979), Lagos Plan of Action and Final Act of Lagos (1980)  Objectives of the African Economic Community (art. 4 (1)) (a) To promote economic, social and cultural development and the integration of African economies in order to increase economic selfreliance and promote an endogenous and self-sustained development; (b) To establish, on a continental scale, a framework for the development, mobilisation and utilisation of the human and material resources of Africa in order to achieve a self-reliant development; (c) To promote co-operation in all fields of human endeavour in order to raise the standard of living of African peoples, and maintain and enhance economic stability, foster close and peaceful relations among Member States and contribute to the progress, development and the economic integration of the Continent; and (d) To coordinate and harmonize policies among existing and future economic communities in order to foster the gradual establishment of the Community.

4. D. L. Tehindrazanarivelo4 Modalities for the establishment of AEC  Stage 1: 5 years (~1995-1999): strengthening of existing RECs and creation of new ones in other regions  Stage 2: 8 years (~2000-2007): stabilising tariff barriers and NTB, customs duties and internal taxes; sectorial integration; Inter-RECs co-ordination and harmonization  Stage 3: 10 years (~2008-2017): establishment of FTA at the level of each REC  Stage 4: 2 years (~2018-2019): harmonisation of tariff and NT systems among RECs with a view to establishment of a continental CU  Stage 5: 4 years (~2020-2023): establishment of an African Common Market through common policy, etc.  Stage 6: 5 years (~2024-2028): consolidation and strengthening of the structure of the ACM: 4 freedoms, sectors integration, single Central African Bank and currency, executive organs of the AEC, etc ‘The transition from one stage to another shall be determined when the specific objectives … for a particular stage are implemented’. Not exceed 40 years

5. D. L. Tehindrazanarivelo5 1.2 The AEC, the AU and the RECs  The place of the AEC in the AU agenda: Sirte Declaration, OAU Constitutive Act, NEPAD  The AEC 5 RECs framework and the actual 14 RECs -West Africa (2): ECOWAS, UEMOA -North Africa (2): UMA, CEN-SAD (Sahara & Sahel) -Central Africa (3): CEEAC, UDEAC/CEMAC, CEPGL -Eastern Africa (3): IGAD, EAC, IOC (Indian Ocean) -Southern Africa (4): SADC, SACU, CMA + COMESA (Eastern and Southern )

6. D. L. Tehindrazanarivelo6 RECs in North Africa UMA, 1989, 5 Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania CEN-SAD, 1998, 25 States situated in the deserts of Sahara and Sahel + Comoros

7. D. L. Tehindrazanarivelo7 CEN-SAD: A Transversal REC 1998, 25 www.cen-sad.orgwww.cen-sad.org Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan, CAR, Chad, Niger, Mali, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Comoros

8. D. L. Tehindrazanarivelo8 RECs in West Africa (2) ECOWAS, 1975, 15 Cape Verde, Senegal, Mali, Niger, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria UEMOA/WAEMU, 1994, 8 Senegal, Mali, Niger, Guinea Bissau, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin

9. D. L. Tehindrazanarivelo9 RECs in Central Africa (3) ECCAS/CEEAC, 1983, 11 Chad, CAR, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, STP, Gabon, Congo, DRC, Rwanda, Burundi, Angola CEMAC/CAEMC, 1994, 6 Chad, CAR, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo ECGLS/CEPGL, (1976) 2004, 3 DRC, Rwanda, Burundi

10. D. L. Tehindrazanarivelo10 RECs in East Africa (3) IGAD, 1996, 7 - www.igad.orgwww.igad.org Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda EAC, (1967) 1999, 5 www.eac.intwww.eac.int Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania + Rwanda & Burundi (1.7.2007) IOC, 1984, 5 www.coi-ioc.orgwww.coi-ioc.org Comoros, Madagascar, France (La Réunion), Mauritius, Seychelles

11. D. L. Tehindrazanarivelo11 COMESA: Eastern and Southern Africa 1993, 19 ww.comesa.intww.comesa.int Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, DRC, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Mauritius, Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles FTA + CU (20..)

12. D. L. Tehindrazanarivelo12 RECs in Southern Africa (3) SADC, 1992, 14 www.sadc.intwww.sadc.int DRC (97), Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Namibia (90), Botswana, South Africa (94), Lesotho, Swaziland, Madagascar (05) Mauritius (95) CMA, (1974-86) 1992, 4 South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, and Namibia SACU, 1910, 5 www.sacu.intwww.sacu.int Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland

13. D. L. Tehindrazanarivelo13 3. Discussions  The proliferation of RECs in Africa and the process of continental integration. Issue of multiple memberships. Issue of harmonization and inter-regional cooperation: identifying possible concurrent RECs. Other issues?. AU’s responses - 8 recognized RECs: ECOWAS, COMESA, CEEAC, AMU, IGAD, SADC, CEN-SAD, and EAC

14. D. L. Tehindrazanarivelo14 3. Discussions (2)  Relations with external powers. The ‘new scramble for Africa’ - EU - USA - China. Continental or regional negotiation framework?