1. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Water Resources and Africa’s Development Mike Muller Director General Department of Water Affairs and Forestry South Africa

2. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Water Resources and Africa’s Development Outline: IntroductionIntroduction Water and development – NEPADWater and development – NEPAD The “three ages of rivers”The “three ages of rivers” The infrastructure gapsThe infrastructure gaps Some infrastructure planning principlesSome infrastructure planning principles ConclusionConclusion

3. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Water Resources and Africa’s Development Introduction: Water provides- The base for great civilisationsThe base for great civilisations Yangtse, Indus, Mesopotamia – the land between the riversYangtse, Indus, Mesopotamia – the land between the rivers Africa’s great NileAfrica’s great Nile Arteries for communicationArteries for communication Amazon, Rhine, the Great Lakes of North AmericaAmazon, Rhine, the Great Lakes of North America The magnificent CongoThe magnificent Congo Power for the world’s industryPower for the world’s industry 19% of world’s electricity production19% of world’s electricity production Largest renewable resourceLargest renewable resource How can we, –promoters of development, –managers of water, Ensure that water contributes to African development ?

4. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Water Resources and Africa’s Development Water & development & NEPAD NEPAD needs water for: Economic and social servicesEconomic and social services Agriculture and food securityAgriculture and food security Energy, renewableEnergy, renewable TransportTransport Key economic sectors:Key economic sectors: – mining, manufacturing and tourism

5. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Africa’s natural legacy: extreme variability Kenya: Annual Rainfall Variation about the Average 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 1956195819601962196419661968197019721974197619781980

6. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry BACKGROUND Africa’s water position: Stressed !! Stressed !! - 21 of 50 of world’s most arid countries (in terms of water per person) are in Africa (UN World Water Assessment)

7. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Water Resources and Africa’s Development The Three Ages of Rivers –More than enough (Congo) –Nature needs help to meet our water needs (Orange-Senqu) –Basin “closed” - no more water available better management of what we have is only option ( ? ! ? )

8. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Returns on investment as intensity of use grows infrastructure vs management Many African countries All industrial countries More than enough “closed basins”

9. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Water Resources and Africa’s Development The Infrastructure Gaps Where we have more than enoughWhere we have more than enough Where we need more than natureWhere we need more than nature Where the basin is “closed”Where the basin is “closed” Infrastructure to manage and measureInfrastructure to manage and measure

10. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Water Resources and Africa’s Development The Infrastructure Gaps Where we have more than enough:Where we have more than enough: –Infrastructure to take water where needed abstraction works, pump stations, canals, ….abstraction works, pump stations, canals, …. –Infrastructure to remove water and protect dykes and other flood protectiondykes and other flood protection drainage ….drainage …. –Infrastructure to generate power run of river hydropowerrun of river hydropower

11. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Water Resources and Africa’s Development The Infrastructure Gaps Where we need more than nature:Where we need more than nature: –Infrastructure to store, secure and conserve DamsDams Related hydropower developmentsRelated hydropower developments –Infrastructure to transport to where needed Canals, pipelines, pump stationsCanals, pipelines, pump stations –Infrastructure to maintain water quality Waste-water treatmentWaste-water treatment

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13. Water Resources and Africa’s Development Not just storage: The world’s largest reservoirs Reservoir Basin volume (km3) Owen Falls Victoria-Nile204 Bratskoye Angara169 Nasser Nile169 Kariba Zambezi160 Volta Volta 148 But not the world’s best access

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15. E. Africa - Europe: Electricity/HP comparison Pop million GNP/cap $ HP pot. MW HP dev. MW Elec/cap kWh/yr CO2 ton/c/yr Ethiopia6110545,000700220.00 Kenya293611,6007001060.05 Rwanda824110027260.00 Tanzania332673,200557560.01 Uganda222982,800278380.00 Austria823,33318,30011,7006,4571.51 France5922,12826,00025,2006,5394.32 Germany8222,4308,0005,6005,9634.50 Italy5818,80822,80015,2674,7322.98 Norway536,88947,20027,87324,4223.23

16. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Water Resources and Africa’s Development The Infrastructure Gaps Where all the water is used:Where all the water is used: –Infrastructure to improve water use Canal lining, irrigation intensificationCanal lining, irrigation intensification Household and industrial retrofittingHousehold and industrial retrofitting –Infrastructure to import water Dams, canals and pipelinesDams, canals and pipelines –Infrastructure to “make” water Waste water reuseWaste water reuse DesalinationDesalination

17. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Water Resources and Africa’s Development The Infrastructure Gaps In all cases:In all cases: –Need information for planning and control –Infrastructure to manage and measure Flow measurementFlow measurement Flow controlFlow control Communication and early warningCommunication and early warning –investment in management infrastructure = investment and operational savings

18. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Water Resources and Africa’s Development Some Planning Principles –Plan for users large reservoirs are not enoughlarge reservoirs are not enough Test users desire – do they contribute ?Test users desire – do they contribute ? –Plan with all parties Cooperate on shared riversCooperate on shared rivers Affected parties must also be better offAffected parties must also be better off –Plan for the environment but people come firstbut people come first –Plan and fund for the future Public investment for next generation returnsPublic investment for next generation returns

19. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Water Resources and Africa’s Development Conclusion : With water, through cooperation, between countriesbetween countries between sectorsbetween sectors between peoplebetween people we can contribute to Africa’s development

20. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry End