1. © 2010, TESCC 1 Democracy in Greece and Rome

2. © 2010, TESCC 2 What is government? The form or system of rule by which a state, community, etc., is governed. The form or system of rule by which a state, community, etc., is governed.

3. © 2010, TESCC 3 Some types of government Fascist – all institutions, including religion and the family, are secondary to the State Nazi Germany Cuba North Korea Republic – the people make their decisions through representatives United States of America France Constitutional monarchy – head of state inherits the position, but with limited power, and people are guaranteed basic rights The United Kingdom Kingdom of Norway Kingdom of Jordan

4. © 2010, TESCC 4 Spectrum of Government Anarchy (No one has any power over anyone else; all are completely equal.) Moderate (Everyone has some say, even if it’s limited; certain amount of hierarchy.) Authoritarian (Government exercises extreme control over citizens in a rigid hierarchy.) More power for government Less power for government Oligarchy (early post-communist Russia) Tyranny (Nazi Germany, Stalin’s Soviet Union, etc). Traditional monarchy (Louis XIV’s France) Constitutional monarchy (Modern England) Pure democracy (ancient Athens) Representative democracy/republic (USA) Socialist democracy (Modern Sweden)

5. © 2010, TESCC 5 Some thoughts on government Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state, an intolerable one. – Thomas Paine Which is the best government? That which teaches us to govern ourselves. – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe [A] government big enough to give you everything you want is a government big enough to take from you everything you have. – Benjamin Franklin The patriot must always be prepared to defend his country from his government. – Edward Abbey

6. © 2010, TESCC 6 The Greek Polis (City State) The Polis was the town and the surrounding area. Where the community of people came together to rule themselves; having a common goal and identity. Acropolis: Usually the fortified center of the town, also used for meetings

7. © 2010, TESCC 7 The Greek Polis (City State) Citizen with Political Rights = males over 21 Citizens w/ no Political Rights = Females & Children Non-Citizens = Slaves Direct Democracy: All citizens vote on all decisions made by the government.

8. © 2010, TESCC 8 RightsResponsibilities Right to participate in the elections of officials - Voting Military service to protect the community The polis supports you if you deal with outsiders You support the polis when it makes a decision you do not agree with. Follow or obey laws. To be tried by a jury of your peers To serve on a jury. Speaking in public placesPay taxes

9. © 2010, TESCC 9 Tyranny and Tyrants The Authoritative Rule of an individual (above the law) Many times are given power in time of crisis and chose to keep it in time of peace. Develop programs (building monuments and public buildings) to keep the people happy. The Greeks value the rule of law and would eventually overthrow the tyrants.

10. © 2010, TESCC 10 Oligarchy Oligarchies are the rule by a few. – –Usually the aristocrats (Wealthy landowners) – –Sometimes military leaders (modern) Athens – –The Archons: board of 9 Rulers – –The Assembly of citizens held few powers

11. © 2010, TESCC 11 Separation of Power in the USA LegislativeExecutiveJudicial Makes the LawEnforces the Law Interprets the Law Approves Treaties Creates Treaties Controls Treasury Controls Military Declares laws unconstitutio nal Elected 6/2 years Elected 4 years Indirectly elected; Selected for life (creates stability) Elected by the People

12. © 2010, TESCC 12 Separation of Power in Ancient Greece The Assembly of Citizens The Generals (Elected positions) Voted on lawsCarried out the will of the assembly Elected public officials Daily operations of the Government Foreign Policy (War)

13. © 2010, TESCC 13 Is a democratic government existing to distribute the wealth more evenly to all citizens? Many Greek Reformers (and later governments from around the world) seek to distribute the wealth (land) by taking from the owners and giving it to the peasants. Do you think this is fair?

14. © 2010, TESCC 14 Lesson on Government Here’s the question and you tell me how this would work. – –You can have only 1 thing to eat every day for the next month. What will it be?

15. © 2010, TESCC 15 How would each decide? Direct democracy Representative democracy? Aristocracy? Oligarchy? Monarchy? Tyrant?

16. © 2010, TESCC 16 What are the advantages/disadvantages? Direct democracy – how would it be decided? Representative democracy? Aristocracy? Oligarchy? Monarchy? Tyrant?

17. © 2010, TESCC 17 Roman Law Patricians: aristocratic, wealthy, land- owning families of Rome; could serve in government positions Plebeians: Lower class of Romans who still enjoyed the rights of citizenship.

18. © 2010, TESCC 18 Government Positions: Chief Executive Officials 2 Consuls: Elected annually to run the govt. and lead the army Praetors: High Judge position to carry out Roman Law Tribunes of the Plebs: Evolved later in the Roman Republic to represent the needs of the lower classes (Plebeians) to the Consuls and Senate Dictator: Appointed in time of crisis for 1 year.

19. © 2010, TESCC 19 Assemblies Senate: 300 land owning men to give guidance to the Consuls / later they made the laws; served for life; descended from the original families. Centuriate Assembly: Based on wealth but represented all classes; elected the Consuls and Praetors Council of the Plebs: Lower classes split from the Centuriate Assembly to form this council. Selected Tribunes to protect their rights before the Patrician led councils; Veto Power (“I Forbid”) over some laws

20. © 2010, TESCC 20 The Spartacus Slave Revolt. The Gladiator Spartacus creates an army of runaway slaves, (gathering more as the movement continued) and led the slaves of Rome to revolt against the Roman ruling class in an attempt to flee Italy and seek sanctuary in Africa. Rome turns to Crassus to be the dictator to put down the revolt. The slave army was finally conquered but starting at this point, the representative government of the Romans is subverted to the role of the dictator or Emperor.

21. © 2010, TESCC 21 To sum it up … The Greeks and the Romans developed and practiced the early forms of democracy. Both of these Nations could not make democracy last and were ruled by emperors. The lasting influence is the idea of citizenship and that people can and should be responsible for the government that has authority over them.