1. Design Studies 1A STRUCTURES

2. Nature of Structure l a building is a balancing act l human space does not exist until enclosed by structure STRUCTURE IS WHAT WE CONSTRUCT resistance of structure vs forces of nature T R U C T U R SE 2/27

3. Nature of Structure l structure functions as a whole l designed in response to anticipated loads l relatively fragile wrt unanticipated loads 3/27

4. Function of Structure the function of structure is to resist all the forces acting (on the building) and to transfer them to supports (the ground) 4/27

5. Considerations l stability - equilibrium building must not move - up, sideways or overturn all forces and moments must balance l strength building must not break / collapse l stiffness - functionality building must continue to serve its purpose must not deform too much 3 main considerations 5/27

6. Need to Consider l behaviour of physical objects subjected to forces l space and dimensionality l material behaviour concerned with 6/27

7. l must resist loads due to gravity, wind, vibrations, impact and earthquakes l major portion of structure for emergency - safety factors l behaviour of materials - deformation under stress - may deteriorate 7/27 Need to Consider (Cont.)

8. Design of Structure l maximum efficiency ? l interesting / innovative forms ? What is the problem ??? 8/27

9. Designing Structures no right answer larger the enclosed space - more need for structural efficiency 9/27 little skill required to design building which will stand up

10. Hanging Office Building Westcoast Transmission Company Tower, Vancouver Rhone & Iredale Bogue Babicki Inversion Shaping Structures: Statics, W. Zalewski and E. Allen (1998) 11/2510/27

11. Shaping Structures: Statics, W. Zalewski and E. Allen (1998) Hong Kong Bank Building Hong Kong (1986) Foster and Partners Ove Arup and Partners 12/25 11/27

12. Shaping Structures: Statics, W. Zalewski and E. Allen (1998) Model of a Roof Structure J  rn Utzon 13/2512/27

13. Shaping Structures: Statics, W. Zalewski and E. Allen (1998) Parabolic Cable Structure Federal Reserve Bank, Minneapolis Gunnar Birkerts & Associates Skilling, Helle, Christiansen, Robertson 14/2513/27

14. Multipanel Trusses Sainsbury Centre Norwich, England Foster & Partners Anthony Hunt Associates Warren Trusses Centre Georges Pompidou Paris Piano & Rogers Ove Arup & Partners Shaping Structures: Statics, W. Zalewski and E. Allen (1998) 15/25 14/27

15. Shaping Structures: Statics, W. Zalewski and E. Allen (1998) 3-Hinged Truss Arches Waterloo Terminal for Chunnel Trains Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners Anthony Hunt Associates 16/25 15/27

16. Shaping Structures: Statics, W. Zalewski and E. Allen (1998) Hanging Roof Ingalls Hockey Rink Yale University Eero Saarinen Severud-Elstad-Krueger 17/25 16/27

17. Tent Structure Pier 6 Concert Pavilion Baltimore, 1992 FTL Buro Happold & M. G. McLaren 17/27

18. Lovett Vacation House Crane Island, Washington, 1972 Wendell Lovett Robert Albrecht 19/25 18/27

19. Seidler House Killara, 1966-7 H. Seidler Large R.C. cantilevers 20/25 19/27

20. Harry Seidler High Court of Australia Canberra, 1972 40m P.C. beams expressing changing stress patterns NSW Government Stores Alexandria, 1964-8 Tetrahedron Space Frame Miller, Milstone & Ferris Exhibition Pavilion Hyde Park, 1970-1 Steel Hyperboloid Structure 21/25 20/27

21. Los Manantiales Restaurant Xochimilco, Mexico, 1958 J. A. Ordonez Felix Candela Passenger Terminal Idlewild Airport, NY Eero Saarinen Buro Happold & M. G. McLaren 22/25 21/27

22. Project for an Office Tower 1956/57 I. M. Pei & Ass. Roberts & Schaefer Co. 23/25 22/27

23. Stadium Australia Homebush, Sydney, 1999 Bligh Lobb Sports Architects Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) Modus Consulting Engineers 24/25 23/27

24. http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/kcdc/caut 25/25 24/27

25. What do we Want to Know? l what is structure - what does structure do? l what are we trying to do? 25/27 encloses space prevent failure- equilibrium, strength, functionality

26. What do we Want to Know? l what causes failure? 26/27 l loads - moments l insufficient support l inadequate arrangement l inadequate strength - size, material l inadequate stiffness

27. What do we Want to Know? l what must the structure do? l what are elements of structure? 27/27 l resist loads / moments l supports l structure itself l transfer loads / moments to supports / ground l resist deformation l beams, columns, trusses, slabs, shells,...