1. What’s the difference and why does it matter?
Phrases vs. Clauses
What’s the difference and why does it matter?

2. Phrases
A phrase is a group of words that acts as a single part of speech (like a noun or adjective) that does not contain both a subject and a verb. It is a part of the main sentence but cannot express a complete thought on its own.
After midnight, Egbert's mother was on the roof dancing with a Ukranian bullfighter.
Surprised by the intensity of her disgust, Felicity stared at the cockroach scurrying across her omelet.

3. More examples of PHRASES
With the silence and immobility of a great reddish-tinted rock, Thor stood for many minutes, looking out over his domain.
His hands raw, he reached a flat place at the top of the mountain.
His car, a perfectly maintained 1960 Thunderbird, stood in the driveway.

4. More examples of PHRASES
With the silence and immobility of a great reddish-tinted rock, Thor stood for many minutes, looking out over his domain.
His hands raw, he reached a flat place at the top of the mountain.
His car, a perfectly maintained 1960 Thunderbird, stood in the driveway.
NOTICE what’s in red is not underlined. It’s the sentence—the independent clause—and all the phrases provide extra information.

5. Phind the Phrases
Mr. Tennenbaum, a stocky, bald-headed man, is my boss.
Mr. Tennenbaum, [a stocky, bald-headed man], is my boss.
He stood there for a long time, his carpetbag in his hand.
He stood there [for a long time], [his carpetbag in his hand].

6. Phind the Phrases
Mr. Tennenbaum, a stocky, bald-headed man, is my boss.
Mr. Tennenbaum is my boss.
He stood there for a long time, his carpetbag in his hand.
He stood there.
Notice you can take away the phrases and are left with the main sentence. Phrases provide extra information.

7. Phind the Phrases
Rita planted seeds in her garden, hoping they would grow into succulent tomatoes, but Taylor, being sometimes forgetful, forgot to water them, causing the plants to wither and die.
Rita planted seeds [in her garden], [hoping they would grow] [into succulent tomatoes], but Taylor, [being sometimes forgetful], forgot to water them, [causing the plants to wither and die].

8. Phind the Phrases
Rita planted seeds in her garden, hoping they would grow into succulent tomatoes, but Taylor, being sometimes forgetful, forgot to water them, causing the plants to wither and die.
Rita planted seeds.
Taylor forgot to water them.
Here’s the main ideas in this sentence. The phrases provide extra information.

9. Clauses
A clause is a group of words that has both a subject and a predicate (a verb). There are two types of clauses: independent and dependent.
An independent clause expresses a complete thought on its own. It is “independent”.
A dependent clause, although it has a subject and a verb, does not express a complete thought on its own. It is “dependent” upon and must be attached to an independent clause.

10. Examples of Independent Clauses
I shall haunt you until your dying day.
Josh barfed on the desk.
Take out the papers and the trash.
Baby, you can drive my car.
I would like to take you to the movies.

11. Examples of Dependent Clauses
When she fell out of the apple tree.
As he approached the top of the ridge.
Where Alex sat crying in the mud.
Because his pants wouldn’t fit him anymore.
After you finish sorting your sock collection.
If you’re very sweet to me.
Before he started chewing on his tie.
Typically, dependent clauses begin with a word that keeps the clause from being independent.

12. Independent or Dependent?
The dog chewed on my hand.
Independent
Because he couldn’t find anything else to do.
Dependent
It didn’t hurt much.
Until he got to the bone.
Then, I poked him in his eye.
When we try to pass off a Dependent Clause as a sentence, it doesn’t work because it’s just a FRAGMENT of a sentence.

13. Phrase or Clause? When we couldn’t hear a sound
Clause (Dependent)
Wearing a snorkel and a cape
Phrase
Ashley jumped out of the bushes
Clause (Independent)
Giving all of us a heart attack
By putting super glue on the mouthpiece of her snorkel
The next time she wears her snorkel

14. Phrase, Dependent Clause, or Independent Clause
Phrase, Dependent Clause, or Independent Clause? Complete on your handout
Lifting the rope and heading for his corner
Jack entered the ring
Sparring to warm up
Punching the air with a rapid piston-like movement
His opponent was already waiting there
Worried more than usual
Because his opponent would be his toughest yet
Jack listened to the referee
His body tensing
Jack took off his robe and waited for the bell

15. Unscramble these phrases and clauses into ONE sentence
Unscramble these phrases and clauses into ONE sentence! (back page of handout)
convinced us to flee the city
while crowds screamed
who had crushed every car in her path
droning like angry bagpipes
the sky-scraper-sized robot
and her synthetic voice
headed for the nearest BBQ joint
Complete this exercise on your handout. This is ONE complete sentence. Add commas to offset phrases and dependent clauses. Challenge: This sentence contains TWO independent clauses!