1. Pesticides

2. Pests Any organism that: competes with us for food
Invades lawns and gardens
Destroys wood in houses
Spreads disease
A nuisance

3. Pea Aphids

4. Gypsy Moth Caterpillar

5. Emerald Ash Borer

6. Pesticides Kill pests (undesirable orgs) Insecticides: kills insects
Herbicides: kills weeds
Fungicides: kills fungus
Nematocides: kills worms
Rodenticides: kills rodents
RoundUp: Herbicide
Raid: Insecticide
D-Con: Rodenticide

10. Type: Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Ex: DDT!
Paul Muller discovered. Won Nobel Prize in 1948.
Killed everything  ranoff to H2O (fish).
Bioaccumulation: fat soluble.

11. DDT Effects
Slow degradation..DDT interfered with Ca+ uptakes in birds  laid weak shells.

12. Neurotoxin: opens insect Na+ channels  spasms/death.
DDT Side Notes
Neurotoxin: opens insect Na+ channels  spasms/death.
Resistant mutants

13. Human Effects Genotoxicity Carcinogen? Endocrine disruption Diabetes
Miscarriages

14. Locally! Montrose Chemical on Normandy in Carson
Dumped into sewers  emptied into White Point Palos Verdes
White croaker fish!
Daily breeze 2008: seals higher concentrations of DDT

19. 1962; Showed effects of biomagnification of DDT.

20. Type: Organophosphates
Ex: Malathion: Insecticide
Combat Med. fruit fly in CA. Sprayed in San Bernardino.
Treats head lice and scabies!

22. Why Use Pesticides?
1) Saves lives.
Ex: Malaria!

23. Why Use Pesticides? 2) Increases food supplies
3) Increase money profits for farmers.

24. Case Study: Myxomatosis
Virus as a pesticide, rabbits, Australia.
Pops went from mill.
Now, only 50% effective.

25. Why Not Use Pesticides?
1) Pesticide Treadmill: All pests that are not killed reproduce  make resistance offspring  more pesticide usage.

26. 2) Toxic to Non-target species
Why Not Use Pesticides?
2) Toxic to Non-target species
Pesticides do not stay put (rain/wind runoff).

27. Acute (short-term) exposure: bleeding, vomiting.
Why Not Use Pesticides?
3) Human Sickness
Acute (short-term) exposure: bleeding, vomiting.
Chronic (long-term) exposure: nerve problems, brain damage, cancer, birth defects.

30. Pesticide Regulation
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 1947.
All pesticide use must be approved 1st by EPA.
Pesticide makers must test for toxicity.

31. Integrated Pest Management
Using a combo of pest control strategies: chemicals and alternatives.

32. Alternatives 1) Introduce natural predators of bug:
2) Put up smells that attract bugs away from crops (pheromones)
3) Spray boiling H2O
Chrysanthemums

33. 4) Genetically modify plants to be resistant to pests (GMO’s)
Alternatives
4) Genetically modify plants to be resistant to pests (GMO’s)
Frost-Resistant Strawberries (from fish gene)?
Tangelo: grapefruit and tangerine
Broccoflower

34. Case Study: BT Insecticide Gene
BT = protein found in natural soil bacteria, Bacillus thuringensis.
Disrupts guts of insects
Not toxic to humans or animals
BT gene placed in corn to protect against corn borer.

35. BT gene placed in corn to protect against corn borer

36. Broccoflower

37. Tangelo = Tang. And Grapefruit

38. Advantages of GMO’s Less pesticides are used
Higher nutritional content
Possible vaccine delivery
Less water used (on irrigation)
Less inorganic fertilizers are used
Enough food to feed the world!

39. Disadvantages of GMO’s
Cross pollination with wild species reduces biodiversity
Emergence of superbugs
Fear of unknown allergens
Centralized control of food production
Poor farmers can’t afford GM patented seeds