1. Pesticides: Uses and Types Benefits Chapter 12 APES January 2007

2. General Facts about Pesticides Went from zero sales in the 1950’s to 33 billion for 2.6 million metric tons 1999. 90% of all pesticides worldwide are used in agriculture or food storage and shipping.

3. General Facts about Pesticides Wealthy countries consume ¾ of the pesticides. Developing countries 7-9% growth a year Developed countries 2-4% growth a year

4. Pesticide Types Inorganic pesticides Natural organic pesticides Fumigants Chlorinated hydrocarbons Organophosphates Carbamates Microbial Agents and Biological Controls

5. Inorganic pesticides Contains arsenic, copper, lead, or mercury. Highly toxic They may be leached out of the system by water, wind and erosion... Essentially indestructible neurotoxins

6. Natural organic pesticides Have a narrow target range and a very specific mode of action; Are slow acting; Have relatively critical application times; Suppress, rather than eliminate, a pest population; Have limited field persistence and a short shelf life; Are safer to humans and the environment than conventional pesticides; Present no residue problems

7. Natural organic pesticides Extracted from plants Nicotine from tobacco Turpentine Phenols Rotenone from the roots of deris and cube plants Aromatic oils from conifers

8. Fumigants Small molecules Gasify easily Penetrate rapidly Used to sterilize soil Prevent decay Stop rodent or insect infestation of grain supplies Extremely dangerous for workers who apply them.

9. Fumigants Dibromochloropropane

10. Fumigants Carbon tetrachloride

11. Fumigants Carbon disulfide

12. Fumigants Ethylene dichloride

13. Fumigants Ethylene dibromide

14. Fumigants Methylene bromide

15. Chlorinated hydrocarbons Organochloride is another name for them Synthetic organic insecticides Inhibit nerve membrane ion transport Block nerve signal transmission

16. Chlorinated hydrocarbons Fast acting Highly toxic Persist in the soil for decades Bioaccumulate in the food chain Stored in the fatty tissues of some organisms

17. Chlorinated hydrocarbons DDT Chlorodane Aldrin Dieldrin Toxaphene Pradichlorobenzene lindane

18. Chlorinated hydrocarbons DDT

19. Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorodane

20. Chlorinated hydrocarbons Aldrin

21. Chlorinated hydrocarbons Dieldrin

22. Chlorinated hydrocarbons Toxaphene

23. Chlorinated hydrocarbons Pardichlorobenzene

24. Chlorinated hydrocarbons lindane

25. Organophosphates Outgrowth of nerve gas used in WWII. They inhibit an enzyme called cholinesterase, essential for removing excess neurotransmitter from synapses in the peripheral nervous system. Extremely toxic to birds, mammals, and fish…single drop is lethal. Only last hours or days in the environs. Dangerous for workers to apply them

26. Organophosphates Parathion Malathion Dichlorvos Dimethyldichlorovinlyphosphate tetraethylpyrophosphate

27. Organophosphates Parathion

28. Organophosphates Malathion

29. Organophosphates Dichlorvos

30. Organophosphates Dimethyldichlorovinylphosphate

31. Organophosphates tetraethylpyrophosphate

32. Carbamates Share organiphosphate properties of: mode of action Toxicity lack of environmental persistence low bioaccumulation Extremely toxic to bees

33. Carbamates Sevin

34. Carbamates Aldicarb

35. Carbamates Amniocarb

36. Carbamates Carbofuran

37. Carbamates mirex

38. Microbial Agents and Biological Controls Living organisms used in the place of pesticides. Link to cornell

39. Pesticide Use and Types EPA Data World Data EPA 10 years of data EPA Look up use of each pesticide