1. SUCCESS OR FAILURE? At the moment there is no doubt that the battle against malaria is being lost. This is mainly due to the ability of mosquitoes to develop immunity to pesticide sprays… …and to the Plasmodium’s ability to develop resistance to drugs. At the moment there is no doubt that the battle against malaria is being lost. This is mainly due to the ability of mosquitoes to develop immunity to pesticide sprays… …and to the Plasmodium’s ability to develop resistance to drugs.

2. 5. KEY REVISION POINTS Anopheles Mosquito; Plasmodium (e.g. Plasmodium Falciparum); Humid climate; 16-40ºC, abundant rainfall; Vegetation for shade; Areas of still or stagnant water; Humans to act as blood reservoir. Anopheles Mosquito; Plasmodium (e.g. Plasmodium Falciparum); Humid climate; 16-40ºC, abundant rainfall; Vegetation for shade; Areas of still or stagnant water; Humans to act as blood reservoir. (i) – THE PROBLEM

3. 5. KEY REVISION POINTS 1-3 million deaths each year, mostly children; Lost education through bouts of illness; Lost productivity by adults, especially at planting and harvest time – less food, lower income; Huge amount spent on trying to prevent or control malaria - $2 Billion in Africa each year, maybe $100 Billion damage to Africa’s GDP; up to 25% of family income; huge burden on health services; Negative impact on foreign investment and tourism. 1-3 million deaths each year, mostly children; Lost education through bouts of illness; Lost productivity by adults, especially at planting and harvest time – less food, lower income; Huge amount spent on trying to prevent or control malaria - $2 Billion in Africa each year, maybe $100 Billion damage to Africa’s GDP; up to 25% of family income; huge burden on health services; Negative impact on foreign investment and tourism. (ii) THE EFFECTS

4. 5. KEY REVISION POINTS DDT, Malathion; Genetic engineering – sterile male mosquitoes; ITNs – Insecticide Treated Bed nets; Draining and flushing breeding sites; Larvicide sprays to kill larvae; Oil, egg whites and mustard seeds; Bti, Fish (Muddy Loach), Eucalyptus trees; Quinine, Chloroquine, Artemisia; No effective vaccines yet - several on trial; World Health Organisation campaign – Roll Back Malaria. DDT, Malathion; Genetic engineering – sterile male mosquitoes; ITNs – Insecticide Treated Bed nets; Draining and flushing breeding sites; Larvicide sprays to kill larvae; Oil, egg whites and mustard seeds; Bti, Fish (Muddy Loach), Eucalyptus trees; Quinine, Chloroquine, Artemisia; No effective vaccines yet - several on trial; World Health Organisation campaign – Roll Back Malaria. (iii) – THE SOLUTIONS

5. Exam Advice Practice this topic using past papers – the questions don’t vary that much from year to year. Concentrate more on the Risk Factors, Costs and the Solutions, less on the cycle of infection and medical symptoms of the disease. You must be able to comment on the effectiveness of your chosen solutions, but don’t just say “very effective” for them all and hope to get marks – the markers will be looking for detailed knowledge of the effectiveness of each solution you quote. Try to learn a few (four or five) solutions in detail and be able to quote names of pesticides, drugs, etc. Practice this topic using past papers – the questions don’t vary that much from year to year. Concentrate more on the Risk Factors, Costs and the Solutions, less on the cycle of infection and medical symptoms of the disease. You must be able to comment on the effectiveness of your chosen solutions, but don’t just say “very effective” for them all and hope to get marks – the markers will be looking for detailed knowledge of the effectiveness of each solution you quote. Try to learn a few (four or five) solutions in detail and be able to quote names of pesticides, drugs, etc.

6. Revision Task In groups you have been given two pieces of flipchart paper Your task is to produce a biography of a mosquito and tell me why it is so well suited to spreading malaria. Then design a box which you would give to a primary health care worker which would enable them to treat people in their village.