1. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-1 Gender Identity and Gender Roles Chapter 5 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-2 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation Sexual differentiation Males and females developing distinct reproductive anatomy 23 chromosomes from male parent combine with 23 chromosomes from female parent Zygote Fertilized ovum

3. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-3 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation Embryo Begins with implantation of a fertilized ovum and concludes with development of the major organ systems

4. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-4 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation Role of sex hormones in sexual differentiation androgens testosterone dihydrotestosterone

5. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-5 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation Descent of the testes and ovaries Inguinal canal Fetal canal that connects the scrotum and the testes Allows the testes to later descend Cryptorchidism Undescended testes

6. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-6 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation Sex-chromosomal abnormalities Klinefelter Syndrome Extra X chromosome Turner Syndrome Loss of X chromosome material Prenatal sexual differentiation of the brain

7. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-7 Gender Identity Gender identity Psychological sense of being male or female Gender assignment Labeling of a newborn as a male or female

8. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-8 Gender Identity Nature and Nurture in Gender Identity Hermaphrodites Possess both ovarian and testicular tissue Usually assumes gender identity and gender role assigned at birth

9. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-9 Gender Identity Intersexuals Possess gonads of one gender but external genitalia that are ambiguous or typical of the other gender Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (XX) Internal female structures but masculinized external genitals (continued)

10. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-10 Gender Identity Intersexuals (continued) Androgen-insensitivity syndrome (XY) Prenatally insensitive to androgens Genitals do not become normally masculinized (continued)

11. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-11 Gender Identity Intersexuals (continued) Dominican Republic syndrome (XY) Genetic enzyme disorder prevents testosterone from masculinizing the external genitals

12. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-12 Transsexualism Transsexuals Feel trapped in the body of the wrong gender Gender dysphoria Incongruity between one’s anatomy and gender identity

13. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-13 Transsexualism Homosexual transsexual Feminine gay male who seeks sex reassignment Autogynephilic Sexually stimulated by fantasies that their bodies are female

14. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-14 Transsexualism Theoretical perspectives Psychoanalytic Identification Incorporating within ourselves our perceptions of the behaviours, thoughts, and feelings of others (continued)

15. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-15 Transsexualism Theoretical perspectives (continued) Prenatal hormones hypothalamus Gender reassignment Outcomes of gender-reassignment surgery

16. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-16 Gender Roles and Stereotypes Stereotypes Fixed, oversimplified, conventional idea about a group of people Gender roles Ways in which males and females are expected to behave

17. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-17 Sexism Prejudgment that because of gender, a person will posses certain negative traits

18. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-18 Gender Differences Differences in cognitive abilities (continued)

19. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-19 Gender Differences Differences in cognitive abilities (continued) In most cases, the differences are small They are group differences Differences may largely reflect environmental influences and cultural expectations

20. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-20 Gender Differences Differences in personality Differences in communication styles Disclosure Differences in aggressiveness Rates of aggression Bullying

21. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-21 Gender Differences Differences in health Food selection Weight Binge drinking Stress Resilience to illness

22. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-22 Gender Typing Gender typing Children acquire behaviour that is deemed appropriate to their gender

23. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-23 Gender Typing Biological perspectives Evolutionary perspective Prenatal brain organization

24. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-24 Gender Typing Psychological Perspectives Psychodynamic theory Oedipus complex Electra complex (continued)

25. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-25 Gender Typing Psychological Perspectives (continued) Social-learning theory Socialization Parental roles (continued)

26. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-26 Gender Typing Psychological Perspectives (continued) Cognitive-developmental theory Schemas Gender stability Gender constancy (continued)

27. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-27 Gender Typing Psychological Perspectives (continued) Gender schema theory Cluster of mental representations about male and female physical qualities, behaviours, and personality traits.

28. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-28 Gender Roles and Sexual Behavior Men as sexually aggressive, women as sexually passive Female-superior position Male-superior position Men as overaroused, women as underaroused The double standard

29. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-29 Gender Roles and Sexual Behavior Changing perceptions of women’s sexuality Let go of sexual inhibitions Electrify libidos Liberate fantasies Feel good about “kinkier” sexual desires

30. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-30 Psychological Androgyny Psychological androgyny Possession of both stereotypical masculine traits and stereotypical feminine traits

31. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada5-31 End of Chapter 5