1. Friendly Heating: a holistic study of synergism between microclimate, air pollution and cultural heritage Dario Camuffo Pagan Emanuela Maraner Antonella CNR - Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Padova, Italy Contract No : EVK4-CT-2001-00067 01/04/2002 - 31/03/2005

2. Co-ordinator: Dr Dario Camuffo: CNR-ISAC, Padova, Italy Dr Eng Henk Schellen: Department FAGO, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Prof René Van Grieken: MITAC, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Prof Roman Kozlowski: Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Kraków, Poland Dr Sirkka Rissanen: FIO, Oulu, Finland Dr Arturo Busà & Eng Giovanni Consonni: Milanoprogetti S.n.C. Milano, Italy Subcontract: FH, Padova Italy Mr Marcin Kozarzewski: Firma Zajaczkowska - Kloda Sp. z o.o. Lodz, Poland Participants: TU e TU / e

3. Most churches have artworks already adapted to their particular microclimate. After they have been utilised for centuries in the cold, churches have been recently heated, often with evident signs of suffering and damage. The temperature and humidity cycles are causing enormous damage to artworks, especially wooden and paintings. Hot air strongly accelerates the deposition rate of smoke and other pollutant particles. The excess moisture released by churchgoers condenses on cold surfaces. Why an European Project?

4. to utilise the church as people were not inpeople comfortablechurch in the cold The ideal solution is to utilise the church as people were not in, keeping people comfortable, but leaving the church in the cold, as it was before the use. to warm people, not the church. The principle is to warm people, not the church. The FRIENDLY-HEATING project is aimed to leave church and artworks in their natural, unaffected microclimate. utilising the building as it were unmanned Briefly, it allows utilising the building as it were unmanned

5. Microclimate, Comfort and Discomfort The Vertical Temperature Profile may determine Comfort or Discomfort In addition, the best room Temperature is conditioned by: Metabolism,Metabolism, Clothing,Clothing, Physical ActivityPhysical Activity Attention levelAttention level

6. The heat source radiant element The radiant element is a coating of conductive graphite spread on a glass fabric. Joule effect The heat is produced by Joule effect when the electrical current crosses the graphite layer. The element is encapsulated within two polyester/ polyethylene foils which provide electrical insulation.

7. The maximum temperature is self-regulated by the resistance offered by the graphite coating, which depends on Temperature (T). Should T exceed an upper physical limit (60- 80°C), the expansion of the sheet increases the distance between granules and automatically interrupts the electrical current. Fire Safety: A natural cut-out Air Temperature Radiant Elements Temperature

8. 55° 45° 55° Position and Temperature of the radiant elements

9. Hand-Warmer Panel Under Seat Element Under Kneeler Strip Seat Thermal Insulator

10. Transparent Hot Glass Back Glass may provide comfort without having aesthetic impact

11. Testing the thermal sensation The globethermometer measures the combined effect of Air Temperature and Infrared radiation. It has, however, a too slow response. It has been substituted with a fast responding strip of blackbody tissue. The equilibrium temperature has been monitored with a high precision radiometer

12. Blackbody Heating between Pews contribution of the Radiant Elements (RE) Jan. 2004 Height (cm)

13. Commercial A, Integrated with FH FH Hand warmer type FH Glass type T (°C) Commercial B, Integrated with FH Friendly-Heating of two types: 1) with hand warmer+underseat+kneeler; 2) glass+underseat+kneeler and two types of Commercial system (A&B) All the four types areswitched on for 60 min.

14. 18-19° 10-15° 20-25° 25° 12-16° 5-7° 12-16° FRIENDLY-HEATING: Measured Blackbody (Globe- Thermometer) Temperature (2003) 5-7° ° °/° 2003/4

15. 0° 10° 15° 5° Air Temperature Profile with the old Hot Air Heating System °

16. Old Heating System on Novel Heating System on Vertical Air Temperature Profiles (°C) near the altar showing the impact of the old and the novel systems

17. Vertical Air Temperature Profiles in the Church (1) before and after the old Hot Air Heating System was operating for 35 min. (2) with the Friendly-Heating prototype operating for 75 min. 30 Jan 03 Air Temperature (°C) Height (m) before after 35 min Air Temperature (°C) Outside the pew area Inside the pew area

18. Percentage of Heat actually utilized by people in the case of a traditional Hot Air Heating System and with FRIENDLY HEATING Percentage of Heat actually utilized by people in the case of a traditional Hot Air Heating System and with FRIENDLY HEATING This efficiency has been measured after the distribution of the heat in the church i.e. the vertical temperature profile B = Heat dispersed in the Church A = Utilized Heat Friendly Heating Efficiency = A/(A+B) = 80% B = Heat dispersed in the Church and dangerous to artworks Efficiency = A/(A+B)=7% A Old Hot Air System

19. Daily  RH (%) Daily  T (°C) Hot Air Heating System on Natural Daily Cycles (including Friendly Heating) Daily Temperature and Relative Humidity Cycles in the Church

20. This statue was restored some ten years ago. New cracks have been generated by the old Hot Air heating system and they are still growing

21. Instantaneous Tangential Deformation (TD) on the surface and two layers (obtained as 7- and 14-day running average) Pine, Rocca Pietore church Tangential Deformation (%)

22. Surface Stress = Difference between Tangential Deformation on the Surface (TD) and two deeper layers (7- and 14-day running average) and stress average (7- and 14-day running average) Surface Stress (%) Rocca Pietore church

23. Sonic Anemometry in draughts monitoring

24. Natural Background + minor perturbation due to Friendly- Heating Natural Background Discomfort level starts at 0.15- 0.2 m/s;

25. Air Perturbation in the altare zone due to heating cloth altar and carpet (anemometer at 1.80m height) Temperature (°C) Time (s) Temperature (°C) w (m/s) v (m/s) u (m/s) w v u

26. Evening Holy Mass (Hot Air Heating) and night-time natural background Begin of the service End of the service T (°C) w (m/s) v (m/s) u (m/s) With the Hot Air System The peaks of the air velocity reach ± 0.3-0.4 m/s. The greater values are in the vertical direction (w). During the night the air velocity doesn’t exceed ±0.1m/s in all directions Sonic anemometer at 1.80m height Next to the altar

27. Heating the Altar Hot Altar Cloth ( if necessary) 35° 30° Hot Carpet Heating elements & radiant temperature (°C)

28. Hot Altar Cloth Hot Carpet Heating Wire Thermal insulator Multilayer Hot Carpet Heating

29. Heating S.Stefano di Cadore (BL) Another example of FH heating system installed in S.Stefano di Cadore on Italian Alps, situated in Val Comelico at 908m above mean sea level.

30. Heating an Ortodox Church: Stavropoleos Basilica, Bucarest Back glass heaters for the monumental chairs and heated carpets for the empty nave will be used

31. IN THE FOLLOWING: SPARE SLIDES FOR FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

32. Comparison between calculated, measured and simulated tangential deformation of the finger of the wooden statue in Rocca church during the winter period. Calculated Measured Simulated

33. Calculated Measured

34. Hand-Warmer Hot Carpets Seat Thermal Insulator Choir Stall in the Presbytery Altezza (cm) Blackbody Heating with and without Hot Carpet Heating (°C) Hot Carpet contribution

35. 30 20 10 0 40 50 A comparison between three different pew heating systems: Heating of the upper and lower surface of seats Upper T Lower T Type A Type B FH Skin Temperature

36. 11 Temperature sensors ( 9 front and 2 back ) are applied to some volunteers From these data the average skin temperature is calculated to establish the comfort level Comfort level is objectively established by measuring Skin Temperature Sirkka Rissanen Data logger

37. Comfort level with FH and the Hot Air heating system TEMPO (minuti) Temperatura media della pelle (°C) Neutral Comfort Area Slightly Cold Comfort Area Comfort Area Cold Discomfort Area 34 33 34 32 31 30 29 Average Skin Temperature(°C) FRIENDLY-HEATING Prototype Hot Air heating system Sirkka Rissanen

38. Novel Friendly-Heating system switched on for 45 min. Infrared and mild air sources on (30/01/2003 hr 14:35) Thermal levels between pews before heating Scale in °C Height (cm) 2002/3

39. Before Hot air Heating Hr 16:00 Hot air Heating for 30 min Hr 16:30 Impact of the Hot Air heating system on the ceiling 30 Jan 2003 Net ceiling warming

40. Ceiling Heating after 1h30m operation with Friendly Heating and lights on Ceiling Heating after 1h30m operation with Friendly Heating and lights off The FH Ceiling Heating is of the same order as lighting heating

41. T(°C) Floor Temperature FH operating since 1h Altar carpet Heating in corrispondence of pews

42. Correlation Coefficient between Temperature and air velocity in the vertical (w) direction R(T,W) =0.65 T (°C) w (m/s) v (m/s) u (m/s) Upward flow, Altar area FH on

43. Altar area No heating R(T,W) = 0.47 FH on T (°C) w (m/s)

44. R(T,W) = 0.65 Altar area FH on FH starts operating T (°C) w (m/s)

45. Mid church FH on R(T,W) = 0.42 R(T,W) = -0.24 T (°C) w (m/s)

46. Near the Bell Tower FH on R(T,W) = 0.77 T (°C) w (m/s)