1. Speech to the Virginia Convention (1775)
Patrick Henry

2. Purpose
The convince congress that America has no choice but to act now and arm itself against the British

3. Persuasive Techniques
(Rhetorical Devices)

4. Persuasion
A form of discourse that uses logical and emotional appeals to convince another person to think or act a certain way
Rhetoric
The art of using words effectively in speaking and writing to persuade or influence someone

5. Aristotle’s 3 persuasive appeals
Ethos: the source establishes his/her credibility/authority
Logos: use of logic to support a claim like facts or statistics
A. Inductive reasoning – a large number of observations lead to a conclusion [The sun has come up for hundreds of years, this it will rise tomorrow]
B. Deductive reasoning – generally accepted truths lead to a conclusion [Anything I see is real. If I see a two-headed cat, it is real]
Pathos: use of emotional appeals (vivid language [a.k.a. imagery], emotional language, sensory details)

6. Athos, Porthos, and Aramis as
Think of the appeals as
Athos, Porthos, and Aramis as
Ethos, Pathos, and Logos

7. Logical Appeal (further explanation)
when an argument is made by presenting facts or reason that lead the audience to a specific conclusion.
“OnStar service inside your car is better than carrying a cell phone because a cell phone can’t call for you when you’re injured.”

8. Emotional Appeal (further explanation)
appeals are rooted in feeling so they play on people's fears, joys, sadness, etc. and make the audience feel a certain way to persuade them to your side
The telephone ads that state "reach out and touch someone" show people sharing tender, nostalgic or special moments over the phone. Life insurance or car insurance ads often play on people’s fear of death.

9. Techniques (tools) used to employ the three persuasive appeals

10. Find the definition and an example
Rhetorical questions
Facts
Opinions
Parallel Form (Parallelism)
Repetition
Anecdotes
Restatement
Exclamation
Hyperbole
Metaphor
Simile
Loaded words

11. Rhetorical Questions
A question that is asked for effect and that does not actually require an answer. The question assumes the audience agrees with the speaker on the answers.

12. Facts
something that actually exists or something that can be proven to be true
Halloween is celebrated on the thirty-first of October.

13. Opinions a personal view or attitude that cannot be proven
The Beatles were the best rock band that ever performed.

14. Parallel Form/Parallelism
Use the same grammatical forms to connect related ideas within a sentence or use the same sentence structure in separate sentences to link two ideas
“Nothing to lay hold of to save yourself, nothing to keep off the flames of wrath, nothing of your own, nothing that you ever have done, nothing that you can do” -Jonathan Edwards
“The devil is waiting for them, hell is gaping for them, the flames gather and flash about them” –Jonathan Edwards

15. Repetition Repeating words or phrases
“There is nothing to fear but fear itself” -FDR
“The war is inevitable – and let it come! I repeat it sir, let it come!” –Patrick Henry

16. Anecdotes Tell a story relating to your argument in order to persuade
Example: If you are giving a speech to persuade people to stop smoking, you might tell a personal story about a family member that was a chronic smoker who died from lung cancer and may not have if he/she had quit smoking

17. Restatement To state the same idea again or in a new form for emphasis
Patrick Henry: “The war is actually begun!” then “Our brethren are already in the field!” (83)
“the illusions of hope” (81), “the phantom of hope” (82) then “there is no peace” (83)

18. Exclamations An abrupt, forceful utterance; an outcry of protest
“All for one and one for all!” -Alexander Dumas

19. Hyperbole
Extravagant overstatement; obvious exaggeration for effect; an extravagant statement not intended to be understood literally
Jane has the brain of ten people put together” is a hyperbolic way of saying that Jane is very intelligent. Saying “I am dying of hunger” when it has only been six hours since you have eaten is hyperbole.

20. Metaphor
A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things without specific words of comparison such as like, as, than, resembles, etc
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent” -W. Churchill

21. Simile an explicit comparison between two things using 'like' or 'as'.
"Guiltless forever, like a tree“ -Robert Browning

22. Loaded words
words with strong connotations which evoke either negative or positive emotions that usually go beyond a definition found in a dictionary
Words that evoke emotional responses: peace, war, patriotism, freedom, rebellion, slavery, justice, unity, abolish, failed, duty, hope etc.
Example: “You have asked for my views on that creature named Smithers.  If you can find a crevice for him in the woodwork of your sweatshop, I will be relieved.”