1. BELLWORK Explain the difference in beliefs between Hobbs and Rousseau.
Why did Montesquieu advocate for a “separation of powers?”
What are inalienable rights? Who gives us these rights?
What is the difference between an absolute monarchy and a parliamentary monarchy?
During the Enlightenment, the Catholic church said its biggest enemy was reason. What does this mean? Why would the church oppose using logic and reason?
THINKER: What is a revolution? Can a revolution be more than just political change?

2. The Scientific Revolution
“No great discovery was ever made without a bold guess”
--Isaac Newton

3. The Middle Ages People believed:
The earth was flat
The earth was the center of the universe (God created the universe to serve People, therefore it was the center)
This idea was called the Geocentric Theory

4. Old Views New Views
Scholars relied on traditional authorities for beliefs about structure of universe
Geocentric theory, Aristotle
Earth center of universe
Sun, moon, planets revolved around sun
Ideas upheld by church, accepted authority for European intellectuals
Scholars began to challenge traditional authorities, 1500s
Scientific Revolution, new way of thinking
Posed theories, developed procedures to test ideas
Why open to new ideas?
Exploration
New lands, new people, new animals
Skepticism/Secularism 4

5. Scientific Revolution
A period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of “ancient” ideas
Laid the foundation of modern science.

6. Main Ideas and Details A new understanding of the world
Logical thought
Scientific Method 6

7. 7

8. Scientific Revolution
You are now going to read about the five most important scientists during the Scientific Revolution.
For each scientist, summarize their beliefs and what they changed.
Use. Pgs to complete the worksheet.
Be ready to discuss!

9. Nicolaus Copernicus
In the late 1400s, Copernicus began to challenge the old way of thinking
He believed the earth was round and rotated on its axis as it revolved around the sun
He believed the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe
This was called the Heliocentric Theory

10. Johannes Kepler German astronomer in the early 1600s
Defended and expanded ideas of Copernicus
He used mathematical formulas to prove that the planets revolve around the sun (laws of planetary motion)
Kepler also proved the planets move in oval ellipses, and move faster as they approach the sun

11. Galileo Galilei
In 1609, mathematician Galileo expanded the ideas of Copernicus by proving that planets revolve around the sun, not the earth
He also made improvements on the telescope, observed sun spots, improved compass design and discovered the 4 largest satellites of Jupiter, now called the Galilean Moons

12. Galileo Continued…
In 1632, after publishing his ideas, Galileo was forced to stand trial for speaking against church ideas
Why do you think the church opposed his views?
He was forced to recant his views and lived out his life under house arrest

13. Francis Bacon Late 1500s/Early 1600s
Helped develop (along with Galileo) Scientific Method—scientists observe, hypothesize, and experiment to prove scientific law

14. Isaac Newton Late 1600s/Early 1700s
Newton expanded the works of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo
In his book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), Newton described the three laws of motion and gravity (basis for modern engineering)
Helped develop calculus and created “Newton’s Method” for approximating zeroes of a function
Invented the reflecting telescope, studied the speed of sound, and law of cooling

15. Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
A body continues to maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force
F = ma: the net force of an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration
To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

16. Science and Society
As science assumed greater significance, the question of the role of the Roman Catholic Church in a changing culture became important.
While the church opposed the views of many scientists, it benefited from new discoveries that made Renaissance art and architecture possible.
The church feared reason as an enemy of faith, but eventually began to embrace some of the achievements of the Scientific Revolution.
The Scientific Revolution caused philosophers and scholars to wonder if reason and logic could solve poverty, war, and ignorance

18. CLOSURE
In your opinion, what was the greatest achievement during the Scientific Revolution?
Which advances made during the Scientific Revolution are still used today?
Explain the church’s reaction to the Scientific Revolution.
How did the Scientific Revolution have an impact beyond the realm of science?

19. Scientific Revolution Reading
For homework, you are now going to read a handout on the Scientific Revolution and answer a few questions.
This handout will go more in-depth on the achievements during the period.
As you read, answer the five questions
This information is extremely important since we still use it today – make sure you read the entire handout!