1. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Plant Form and Function Chapter 17 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display

2. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Outline Vascular Plant Organization Plant Tissue Types Leaves Stems  Primary Growth  Secondary Growth Roots  Water Movement  Nutrient Transport

3. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Organization of a Vascular Plant All parts have outer covering of protective tissue and inner matrix of tissue with embedded vascular tissue that conducts water, nutrients, and food.  Organized along vertical axis - Root - Shoot  Stem  Leaves

4. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Organization of a Vascular Plant Meristems - Growth zones of unspecialized cells whose main function is to divide.  Primary growth initiated at tips of apical meristems.  Secondary growth involves activity of lateral meristems. - Vascular cambium - secondary xylem and phloem. - Cork cambium - outer layers of bark on roots and shoots.

5. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Plant Body

6. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Plant Tissue Types Ground Tissue - contains vascular tissue. Dermal Tissue - outer protective covering. Vascular Tissue - conducts water and dissolved materials.

7. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Ground Tissue Parenchyma cells  Alive at maturity with functional cytoplasm and a nucleus. Collenchyma cells  Living at maturity and form continuous cylinders beneath epidermis. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display

8. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Ground Tissue Sclerenchyma cells  Tough, thick cell walls, and do not contain living cytoplasm when mature. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display

9. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Dermal Tissue Often covered with waxy cuticle. Guard Cells - Paired cells with openings (stomata) beneath. Trichomes - Outgrowth of epidermis on shoot and surfaces of stems and leaves.  Help regulate heat and water balance. Root Hairs - Tubular extensions of single epidermal cells that keep root in intimate contact with soil particles.

10. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Vascular Tissue Xylem - Principle water-conducting tissue.  Tracheids  Vessel Members

11. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Vascular Tissue Phloem - Principle nutrient-conducting tissue.  Sieve Cells  Sieve-Tube Members - Sieve Tubes - Companion Cells Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display

12. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Leaves Outgrowth of shoot apex. Major light-capturing organs of most plants. Grow outward by marginal meristems that ultimately form blade.  Petiole - Slender stalk  Stipules - Flank petiole where it joins stem

13. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Leaves May be arranged:  Alternately  Opposite  Whorl

14. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Leaves Mesophyll:  Palisade  Spongy

15. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Stems Primary Growth  Primary growth of shoot, leaves cluster around apical meristem unfolding and growing as stem elongates. - Bud develops in axil of each leaf.  Hormone moving downward from the terminal bud continuously suppresses lateral bud expansion.

16. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Stems Primary Growth  Strands of vascular tissue are arranged around outside of stem, common in dicots, or scattered throughout, common in monocots. - Pith - Cortex

17. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Stems Secondary Growth  Initiated by differentiation of vascular cambium. - Thin cylinder of actively dividing cells located between bark and main woody stems in plants.  Cork Cambium develops in stem’s outer layers. - Cork cells

18. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Vascular Cambium

19. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Roots Have a central column of xylem with radiating arms, alternating with strands of primary phloem.  Pericycle - Outer boundary covering vascular tissue. - Endodermis lies outside pericycle.  Encircled by thickened, waxy band (Casparian Strip).

20. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Roots Three Primary Meristems  Protoderm  Procambium  Ground Meristem Root cap covers and protects root’s apical meristem as it grows.  Root elongates rapidly immediately behind tip.

21. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Root Structure

22. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Root Cross Section

23. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Water Movement Cohesion-Adhesion-Tension Theory  Passage of air across leaf surface results in loss of water by evaporation, creating pull at open upper end of the plant.  Water molecules entering roots are pulled up the plant.

24. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Water Movement  Water molecules have an inherent strength that arises from tendency to form Hydrogen bonds. - Cause cohesion (Water column resists separation).  Tensile Strength  Varies inversely with column diameter.

25. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Water Movement Transpiration  Water evaporates from intercellular spaces and is continuously replenished from tips of veinlets in leaves. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display

26. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Transpiration Regulation Plants control water loss on short-term basis by closing stomata.  Must be open to obtain carbon dioxide.  Open and close due to changes in water pressure of guard cells. - Turgid guard cells - stomata open.

27. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Guard Cells Regulate Stomata

28. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Water Absorption By Roots Root hairs greatly increase surface area and thus absorptive powers of roots.  Turgid - contain higher concentration of dissolved solutes than water in soil solution. - Membranes contain transport channels that actively pump specific ions into the plant.

29. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Material Flows

30. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Carbohydrate Transport Translocation moves carbohydrates manufactured in plant leaves and other green parts through phloem to other parts of the plant.  Carbohydrates moved to actively growing regions.

31. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display

32. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Essential Plant Nutrients Nitrogen - Proteins and nucleic acids. Potassium - Regulate turgor pressure. Calcium - Component of middle lamellae. Magnesium - Part of chlorophyll molecule. Phosphorus - Nucleic Acids and ATP. Sulfur - Key component of Cysteine.

33. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Review Vascular Plant Organization Plant Tissue Types Leaves Stems  Primary Growth  Secondary Growth Roots  Water Movement  Nutrient Transport

34. Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display