1. Chapter 5 Lesson 13
The Civil War

2. The Civil War
The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate soldiers attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. military post at Charleston, South Carolina.
The fort surrendered the next day, and the U.S. troops that were stationed there left.
Union troops tried to retake the fort, but they were not successful.

3. The Civil War
Fort Sumter

4. The Civil War
In spite of the early defeat at Fort Sumter, the North had many advantages over the South in terms of fighting a war.
North’s population was larger
North had twice the number of men eligible for service
North’s economy was stronger
North’s troops were better equipped

5. The Civil War
North
Government spending stimulated the economy and led to growth
Better equipped
Northerners believed that they would be able to defeat the South in only a few months
South
Economy suffered during the war
Confederate government could not raise enough money to finance the war
Shortage of basic supplies led to hardships for troops and civilians

6. Early Battles
At first the Civil War went well for the South under talented commanders:
General Robert E. Lee
General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson

7. Early Battles
The first major battle of the war, the First Battle of Bull Run, was fought in July 1861 in northern Virginia. It ended with the retreat of the Union forces.

8. Early Battles
Under General George B. McClellan, the North began a campaign to capture Richmond, Virginia, in the winter of A number of battles led to the retreat of McClellan’s forces in July Richmond remained under the control of the Confederates. The South won another victory at the Second Battle of Bull Run, in late August 1862.

9. Early Battles
In September 1862, southern troops under General Lee, with support from Jackson’s forces, invaded Maryland. McClellan’s forces met the Confederate army at Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg.

10. The Battle of Antietam Bloodiest single day of the war
12,410 Union troops were killed
13,724 Confederate troops were killed
Lee’s forces retreated to Virginia

11. Early Battles
The North suffered two more defeats in the winter and spring of
Battle of Fredericksburg (Virginia)
13,000 Northern and 5,000 Southern troops were killed, wounded, missing, or captured

12. Early Battles Battle of Chancellorsville
Southern forces forced the Union army, under General Joseph Hooker, to retreat.
The South suffered a devastating loss when Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot by his own men and did from pneumonia one week later
General Joseph Hooker

13. The Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)
From July 1 to 3, 1863, 90,000 Union troops under General George B. Meade battled 75,000 Confederate troops under General Lee
Armies fought fiercely with ground troops and artillery
General George B. Meade

14. The Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)
Confederate army was never able to break the Union’s defensive positions
Lee ordered 15,000 troops under General James Longstreet to march straight for Union lines along Cemetery Ridge and was a disaster for the southern troops
Less than half of the soldiers involved in the attack made it back to their Confederate positions
Lee retreated and the Confederate army never recovered
General James Longstreet

15. The Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)
The Battle of Gettysburg marked a turning point in favor of the North.

16. The War in the West
West of the Appalachian mountains, southern forces had less success against the North.
In February 1862, Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant captured two key Confederate army posts in Western Tennessee.
General Ulysses S. Grant

17. The War in the West
Gunboats and ground troops captured Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland River.
These victories gave the North control of Kentucky and half of Tennessee.

18. The War in the West
In 1863, Grant began an assault on Vicksburg, Mississippi. (This city guarded an important location between the Memphis and New Orleans)
After several months of attacks, Grant’s forces began a siege, the surrounding of a fort or city during war in an attempt to capture it, of the city in May
Confederates surrendered Vicksburg on July 4.

19. The War in the West
On July 8, Union forces captured Port Hudson, Louisiana.
A year earlier in May 1862, naval captain David G. Farragut had captured New Orleans
North now controlled the entire Mississippi River.
The Confederacy was divided in two.
Naval Captain David G. Farragut

20. The Battle of Chattanooga
In the fall of 1863, the north occupied Chattanooga, TN.
Southern forces began an assault near the city in September.
Blocked roads leading to the city and Mississippi River
Union army had no way to get supplies and was in danger of starving
Grant led his army to Chattanooga to help

21. The Battle of Chattanooga
Fought from November 23-25
Drove Confederate forces from their positions around the city
The North now had a base from which to launch attacks into Georgia and Alabama

22. The War in the West The South and its military were in poor shape.
The North was becoming confident that it would win the war.

23. Grant Versus Lee
In March 1864, President Lincoln named Grant head of all union armies.
2 months later, Grant faced Lee in the first of 3 devastating battles near Richmond, Virginia.
President Abraham Lincoln

24. Grant Versus Lee
Due to heavy losses on both sides there were no clear winners in the following battles: Battle of the Wilderness, Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Battle of Cold Harbor
In June, Grant laid a siege to Petersburg, Virginia, an important Confederate railroad center, by digging trenches around the city. The siege lasted about 9 months.

25. The Final Campaigns
Grant ordered General William Tecumseh Sherman to march from Chattanooga to Georgia to capture Atlanta.
Sherman set out in May 1864 with a force of over 110,000 men, battling southern forces on the way.
He captured Atlanta on September 2
General William Tecumseh Sherman

26. The Final Campaigns
In the fall of 1864, southern forces tried to recapture Nashville, TN
Union army crushed the Confederates on November 30 in the Battle of Franklin and then again 2 weeks later in the Battle of Nashville

27. The Final Campaigns
Sherman planned to deal a final blow to the South, from which it would not be able to recover.
After setting fire to Atlanta, he set on November 15 for a march of destruction across Georgia
They looted, burned, and destroyed homes, farms, and fields.
On December 21, Sherman captured Savannah, then marched into South Carolina
Charleston surrendered and was left unharmed, but the state capitol, Columbia, was burned

28. The End of the War
In April 1865, Grant captured the railroads that supplied Richmond.
Lee moved west in hopes of fighting Grant in N.C. with the help of additional troops that were already there.
Grant caught up with him and blocked his retreat.
Lee knew he was defeated.

29. The End of the War
On April 9, 1865, Grant and Lee met in the village at Appomattox Court House, Virginia and agreed to terms of a surrender.
In the following weeks, other southern generals, in N.C., AL, and MS, surrendered.
On June 2, the Civil War ended.

30. The End of the War
Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House

31. Other Civil War Leaders
Many people who did not fight in the war directly played an important part.

32. Other Civil War Leaders
Frederick Douglass
Former slave
Helped convince African Americans to fight in the Union army

33. Other Civil War Leaders
Clara Barton
Nurse who cared for wounded troops
Called the Angel of the Battlefield because of her tireless and brave work in the midst of the fighting.
Served in superintendent of nurses in the Union army division.
After the war ended, she founded an organization to find missing troops
Founded the American Red Cross in 1881

34. Effects of War
The Civil War was the most destructive war in American history.
Number of dead and injured was over 600,000.
Almost 260,000 southerners were killed or injured
About 360,000 northerners were killed or injured

35. Effects of War South suffered far more damage than the North
Most battles were fought in the South
Atlanta, Columbia, and Richmond were burned almost down to the ground
Railroads, bridges, and roads were destroyed

36. Effects of War Confederate soldiers had a long hard journey home
Many were starving, and sick or injured
When they reached their homes, they often found them in ruins
Also found that their families were starving, too
Union soldiers returned to a mostly unharmed North

37. Effects of War
Most southerners, even those who had been wealthy, were now poor.
Plantation owners didn’t have the money or the workers to plant new crops
Enslaved people had been set free. Many went North, but those that stayed could charge for their services or work land themselves.
Many plantation owners could not afford to hire help. Their easy way of life was over.
Small farmers struggled even more.

38. 1. Why did many northerners think they could defeat the South in only a few months?
The armies of the North were more experienced
The generals of the South were less skilled
The North had more supplies, money, and resources
European countries promised to send troops to help the North

39. 1. Why did many northerners think they could defeat the South in only a few months?
C. The North had more supplies, money, and resources

40. 2. Who was the northern general who succeeded in defeating the South?
Abraham Lincoln
Ulysses S. Grant
George B. McClellan
Jefferson Davis

41. 2. Who was the northern general who succeeded in defeating the South?
B. Ulysses S. Grant

42. 3. In the fall of 1864, the South tried to recapture Tennessee
3. In the fall of 1864, the South tried to recapture Tennessee. Which two battles kept them from succeeding?
The Battle of Franklin and the Battle of Nashville
The Battle of Vicksburg and the Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Bull Run and the Battle of Antietam
The Battle of Chancellorsville and the Battle of Fredericksburg

43. 3. In the fall of 1864, the South tried to recapture Tennessee
3. In the fall of 1864, the South tried to recapture Tennessee. Which two battles kept them from succeeding?
A. The Battle of Franklin and the Battle of Nashville