1. Chapter 22 Key points: Plants are algae that colonized land - Need to avoid dessication, gather minerals, reproduce Major innovations define major groups - Vasculature - Seeds - Flowers Chapter 23 Key points: Plants have 3 main parts Plant parts are made of different tissues Plants grow at meristems Movement of materials in plants is predominantly passive

2. Water movement in xylem is due to molecular forces Fig 23_20 -Water into roots by diffusion -Minerals require active transport -Water and minerals travel up towards leaves due to hydrogen bonding and capillary action

3. Fig 23_21 Rate of water movement is dependent of environmental factors Lose water faster in warm conditions Stomata balance water loss with need for carbon dioxide Guard cells swell and open with water, flatten and close when less water

4. Osmotic pressure moves sap through phloem Fig 23_23 -Carbohydrates pumped into phloem -raises osmolarity, draws in water from xylem -increases water pressure, flows towards lower pressure -tissues using carbohydrates reduce water pressure, directs flow of sap towards metabolically active tissue

5. Chapter 25 Key Points: Animals are the descendants of protists Animal phylogeny is not certain Major body plan transitions Tissues Symmetry Body cavity Dueterostome Segmentation Animal are morphologically and ecologically diverse but use many of the same genes

6. Animals are the descendants of Choanoflagellates

7. Traditional taxonomy reached consensus broad animal phylogeny Use morphological traits Use developmental traits Assume that some transitions require fundamental rearrangements, and should only happen once

8. Traditional phylogeny - based on morphological characters 25_1 - Almost each phyla is a new branch from common branch

9. Traditional taxonomy assumes major transitions only occurred once 25_3 Tissues Symmetry Body cavity Dueterostome *Segmentation