1. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cables for Power Systems Paul M. Grant Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto, California USA

2. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Agenda Prelude Conventional Underground Transmission/Distribution Cables Review of Type II Superconductivity HTSC Wire Issues LTSC ac and dc Cables of the Past HTSC ac and dc Cables for the Future Closure

3. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Electricity & Quality of Life Emerging Developing Developed FSUs log [ per capita GDP ] log [ per capita Electricity Generation ] Persian Gulf Electricity directly related to standard of living in most of the world Enormous increase in electricity usage seen for the 21st century

4. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Electricity & Energy Conservation

5. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Electricity: A Life Necessity

6. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant The Electricity Paradigm Generation/Storage –Fossil, Nuclear, Hydro, Chemical –“Green” (Solar, Wind, Biomass) Transmission/Distribution –Overhead & Underground –ac & dc End Use –Industrial (Motors, Thermal) –Residential (Lighting, Appliances)

7. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Conventional Underground Transmission/Distribution Cables

8. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Overhead Lines Fast and cheap Piggyback on telegraph rights-of- way High capacity

9. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Urban Transmission ca. 1910 City streets jammed with poles, overhead lines Visual pollution, danger No more rights-of- way

10. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant The Answer: Underground Cables

11. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Typical Utility Underground Feeds

12. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Undergrounding

13. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Line/Cable Performance Limits

14. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cable Conductors Wire is what is wound into a conductor A cable is made by packaging a conductor A line is what is hung from poles

15. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cable-in Conduit Cable installed in steel pipe (~ 8-12” dia) Very common in USA, ~50% in Japan Easy to retrofit

16. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Typical Cable Construction

17. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Elements of an HV cable Center conductor One circuit per cable Three cables in a conduit

18. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Manhole Structure

19. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant High Pressure Oil Cooling

20. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Urban Utilities: ca. 1920

21. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Type II Superconductors

22. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant SC Phase Diagram

23. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Abrikosov Vortex Lattice

24. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Extrinsic Pinning 10  m  m DECORATED VORTEX ARRAYS with random heavy ion tracks clean M. Leghissa, et al. Phys. Rev.B48, 1341 (1993)

25. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Fission-Induced Splay Defects L. Krusin-Elbaum, et al., Nature, TBP Proton-induced fission of Bi and Hg World record H irr at 77 K in Hg-1212 Potential for special purpose high-field magnets

26. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Vortex Matter

27. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant HTSC Wire Issues

28. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Progress in SC Wire Materials 190019201940196019802000 0 50 100 150 200 Temperature, T C (K) Year Low-T C High-T C 164 K

29. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Wire-to-Cable

30. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Malozemoff’s Law

31. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Wire C/P Specs

32. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant J C (B,T), B||ab

33. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant J C (B,T), B||c

34. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant “J E (77 K)”

35. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant LTSC ac and dc Cables of the Past

36. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Brookhaven

37. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Los Alamos

38. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant HTSC ac and dc Cables for the Future

39. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant EPRI/Pirelli ac/SC/UG Cable

40. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cryo System

41. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cable Termination

42. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Tape Specs

43. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cable Specs

44. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant PMC ac Losses

45. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant PMC ac Losses

46. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant PMC ac Losses PMC #1: 4 Layers PMC #2: 2 Layers/ Insulation/ 2 Layers

47. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Summary of Losses

48. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cable Test Site #1 South Carolina Electric & Gas (SCEG) Upscale Urban Neighborhood Underground link: 115 kV, 1.3 Miles Only 5% Use Study Complete: 4/97

49. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cable Test Site #2 Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO) Downtown Philly Concrete Ducts: 13 kV, 2 Miles 100 % Use Study Complete: 5/97

50. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Superconductivity for Global Electrification A Vision for the Future

51. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Pipes or Wires?

52. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Power Flow Scenarios

53. NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant The Electricity Pipe! Total Cryopower System Power Capacity: 5 GW dc Cost: < Gas Pipe & HVDC, > 500 Miles