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Chapter 33.3: The Respiratory System
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Structures of the Respiratory System
Nose Warms incoming air Hairs trap larger particles Mucus moistens air Pharynx Connects nose and mouth to the trachea Epiglottis Closes off trachea to prevent inhalation of solids or liquids Larynx Contains vocal cords
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Structures of the Respiratory System
Trachea Stiff tube that connects pharynx to bronchi Bronchi Tubes that split from trachea to each lung Lungs Contain bronchioles and alveoli Bronchioles Tubes that split from bronchi into smaller tubes in the lungs Alveoli Are tiny sacs where gas exchange occurs
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Gas Exchange Occurs in the alveoli Oxygen diffuses into the blood
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the lungs This occurs because there is less oxygen in the blood, and less carbon dioxide in the lungs
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Gas Transport Oxygen Carbon Dioxide
Is carried by hemoglobin from the lungs to the body A protein in red blood cells that can bind 4 oxygens Carbon Dioxide Can be carried by hemoglobin Can be carried in the blood plasma Is converted into carbonic acid first Moves from the body to the lungs
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Breathing Uses the lungs, intercostal muscles, and the diaphragm
Inhalation Diaphragm contracts and flattens Intercostal muscles pull the ribs up and out Air pressure in the chest becomes less than atmospheric pressure Lungs expand, and air rushes in
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Breathing Exhalation Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
Causes lungs to shrink Air pressure in the lungs becomes greater than atmospheric pressure Air rushes out of the lungs
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Breathing and Homeostasis
Breathing can be consciously controlled Breathing is also unconsciously controlled By the breathing center in the brain Monitors carbon dioxide levels Forces breathing when carbon dioxide levels get too high
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Smoking and the Lungs Puts nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar into lungs Causes several diseases Chronic Bronchitis Bronchi are enflamed and clogged with mucus Emphysema Breakdown of lung tissue means that gas exchange becomes impossible Lung Cancer Can easily spread to other nearby organs Affects the circulatory system Raises blood pressure which causes the heart to work harder
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