1. Hardware and Software
Chapter 2 – Part 2 1

2. Overview of Software Computer programs: Documentation:
Sequences of instructions for the computer
Documentation:
Describes program functions to help the user operate the computer system

3. Types of software Systems software Application software
is the set of programs designed to coordinate the activities and functions of the hardware and various programs throughout the computer system.
Systems software
consists of programs that help users solve particular computing problems.
Application software

4. Systems Software Systems Software 1- Operating systems
2- Utility programs

5. 1- Operating systems

6. Operating Systems
Set of programs that controls computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs.
Can control one computer or multiple computers, or
The role of the operating system:
to act as an interface between application software and hardware.

7. Operating Systems Combinations of OSs, computers, and users:
Allows one user at a time
Ex. personal computer
Single computer with a single user
Accommodate hundreds or thousands of people, all using the computer at the same time
Ex. mainframe computers.
Single computer with multiple users
network of computers
Ex. home network with several computers attached
Multiple computers with multiple users
number of computers with specialized functions
Ex. those that control sophisticated military aircraft, digital cameras, or home appliances.
Special-purpose computers

8. Operating Systems (continued)
Activities performed by the operating system:
Perform common computer hardware functions
Provide a user interface and input/output management
Provide a degree of hardware independence
Manage system memory
Manage processing tasks
Provide networking capability
Control access to system resources
Manage files

9. Operating Systems (continued)
1- Perform common computer hardware functions:
Get input from keyboard or another input device
Retrieve data from disks
Store data on disks
Display information on a monitor or printer

10. Operating Systems (continued)
2- Provide a user interface and input/output management
One of the most important functions of any OS is providing a user interface:
The element of the operating system that allows individuals to access and command the computer system
Types:
Command-based user interface:
Requires that text commands be given to the
computer to perform basic activities
Graphical user interface (GUI):
Uses icons and menus displayed on screen to
send commands to the computer system

11. Operating Systems (continued)
3- Application program interface (API):
The API links application software to the operating system, providing hardware independence for software developers.
Programmers can use APIs to create application software without understanding the inner workings of the operating system.

12. Operating Systems (continued)
4- Memory management:
Allows computer to execute program instructions effectively and to speed processing.
virtual memory: allocates space on the hard disk to supplement the immediate, functional memory capacity of RAM.
Virtual memory works by swapping programs or parts of programs between memory and one or more disk devices
To reduces CPU idle time
To increases the number of jobs that can run in a given time span.

13. Operating Systems (continued)
5- Processing tasks:
Task management software allows:
Multitasking
More than one program can run at the same time
Time-sharing
Allows more than one person to use a computer system at the same time
Scalability
Ability of the computer to handle an increasing number of concurrent users smoothly

14. Operating Systems (continued)
6- Networking capability:
Allows computers in a network to send and receive data and share computing resources
7- Access to system resources and security:
Protection against unauthorized access
OS establishes a logon procedure
8- File management:
Ensures that files in secondary storage are available when needed and that they are protected from access by unauthorized users

15. Current Operating Systems

16. 2- Utility Programs

17. Utility Programs
Help to perform maintenance or correct problems with a computer system
Some can help computer systems run better and longer without problems
Can help to secure and protect data
Although many PC utility programs come installed on computers, you can also purchase utility programs separately.

18. Utility Programs (continued)

19. Application Software Application programs:
Interact with systems software
Help you perform common tasks, such as:
Creating and formatting text documents
Performing calculations
Managing information

20. Off-the-shelf software
Application Software
Application Software
Proprietary software
Off-the-shelf software
Application service
provider (ASP )
Software as a service
(SaaS)
Cloud Computing

21. Types and Functions of Application Software
Proprietary software:
One-of-a-kind software designed for a specific application and owned by the company, organization, or person that uses it.
Off-the-shelf software:
Software mass-produced by software vendors to address needs that are common across businesses, organizations, or individuals.

22. A Comparison of Proprietary and Off-the-Shelf Software

23. Types and Functions of Application Software
Application service provider (ASP):
Company that can provide software, support, and computer hardware on which to run the software from the user’s facilities over a network
Advantages :
contract customization of off-the-shelf software.
speed deployment of new applications while helping IS managers avoid implementation headaches .
reducing the need for many skilled IS staff members.
decreasing project start-up expenses.

24. Types and Functions of Application Software
Disadvantages :
sensitive information could be compromised in a number of ways, including unauthorized access by employees or computer hackers.
the ASP might not be able to keep its computers and network up and running as consistently as necessary.
a disaster could disable the ASP’s data center, temporarily putting an organization out of business.

25. Types and Functions of Application Software
Software as a service (SaaS):
Allows businesses to subscribe to Web-delivered business application software by paying a monthly service charge or a per-use fee.
Like ASP, SaaS providers maintain software on their own servers and provide access to it over the Internet.
uses a Web browser-based user interface.
Can reduce expenses by sharing its running applications among many businesses.

26. Types and Functions of Application Software
Cloud computing:
Use of computing resources on the Internet (the cloud) rather than on local computers.
Rather than installing, storing, and running software on your own computer, with cloud computing, you use the Web browser to access software stored and delivered from a Web server.
The data generated by the software is also stored on the Web server.
Collaborate with others by sharing documents on the Internet.

27. Personal Application Software

28. Personal Application Software
word processing :
Used to write reports, letters, or term papers.
can be used to create, edit, and print documents.
checking spelling, creating tables, inserting formulas, creating graphics, and much more.
Ex. Microsoft Word.
Spreadsheet Analysis:
Used to prepare budgets, forecast profits, analyze insurance programs, summarize income tax data, and analyze investments.
Has Features include graphics, limited database capabilities, statistical analysis, built-in business functions.
Ex. Microsoft Excel.

29. Personal Application Software
Database Applications:
are ideal for storing, manipulating, and retrieving data.
useful when you need to manipulate a large amount of data and produce reports and documents.
Ex. Microsoft Access.
Graphic Programs :
can be used to develop advertising brochures, announcements, and full-color presentations.
Ex. Microsoft PowerPoint

30. Personal Application Software
Personal Information Managers (PIMs) :
help individuals, groups, and organizations store useful information, such as a list of tasks to complete or a list of names and addresses.
Some PIMs allow you to schedule and coordinate group meetings
Ex. Microsoft Outlook

31. Software Suites and Integrated Software Packages
A software suite is a collection of single programs packaged together in a bundle.
Software suites can include a word processor, spreadsheet, database management system, graphics program, communications tool, organizer, and more
Advantages
1. Cost less than buying individual packages
2. All have similar GUI
3. Programs designed to work well together

32. Personal Application Software
Major Components of Leading Software Suites:

33. Personal Application Software
Integrated Software Packages:
Integrated packages combine the functions of several programs into one package.
Ex. Microsoft Works is one program that contains basic word processing, spreadsheet, database, address book, calendar, and other applications.
Advantages
1. Many functions for lower price
2. Uses less disk space

34. Examples of Personal Application software

35. Mobile Application Software
Operating systems designed for smartphones include:
OS X iPhone, Android
Many applications have been developed by third parties for the iPhone

36. Mobile Application Software

37. Workgroup Application Software
Support teamwork, whether people are in the same location or dispersed around the world.
Groupware:
Software that helps groups of people work together more effectively.
E.g., Lotus Notes, , Microsoft Groove , Novell GroupWise.

38. Enterprise Application Software
Software that benefits an entire organization
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software:
Set of integrated programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization
Ex. SAP

39. Programming Languages
Sets of keywords, symbols, and rules for constructing statements that people can use to communicate instructions to a computer.
Involves translating what a user wants to accomplish into instructions that the computer can understand and execute