1. CH 8: Greek Civilization & Alexander Lesson 2 World History Mr. Rich Miami Arts Charter

2. Sections:  Part 1: Greek Thinkers - Philosophers  Part 2: New History and Science Ideas

3. Greek Thinkers - Philosophers  What is Philosophy  Re-thinking what is conventional  Means “love of wisdom” in Greek  Thinking about thinking Hmmm… Let’s think about this

4. Greek Thinkers - Philosophers  The Sophists  Traveled through Greece as teachers (math, science, history and rhetoric)  Rejected that the gods influenced human actions  Did not believe in absolute right or wrong  Argued that morality was personal and different  What was right for you might be wrong for me  Vilified by many Greeks as lacking in morals

5. Greek Thinkers - Philosophers  Socrates  Born in Athens (470 BCE)  Disagreed with the Sophists  Believed that absolute truth could be discovered  Developed the Socratic Method  What is the Socratic Method?  Can you teach through questions?  Do questions make you think about many possible answers?  Is it better to come to a conclusion on your own?  Why do I keep asking you questions?

6. Greek Thinkers - Philosophers  Socrates  Pericles convinced the assembly of Athens that they could win a war against Sparta  Socrates was one of the only members of the assembly to argue against the war and voted against it  The war ended in a defeat for Athens  Freedom of speech was limited after the war  In 399 Socrates is arrested and charged with corrupting the youth  He offers his “apology” to the assembly  He is ordered to be put to death by drinking poison (hemlock)

7. Greek Thinkers - Philosophers  Socrates could have chosen to be ostracized from the city  Instead he chose to accept his punishment

8. Greek Thinkers - Philosophers  Plato  A student and follower of Socrates  He wrote down many of Socrates teachings including his “Apology” It wasn’t much of an apology…

9. Greek Thinkers - Philosophers  He also wrote “The Republic”  Plan for an ideal society  1 st - Philosopher Kings rule city through logic and wisdom  2 nd – Warrior class defends the city  3 rd – Workers perform all important tasks in running the city  Plato disliked Athenian democracy  Plato did argue for more rights for women.  Believed in equality

10. Greek Thinkers - Philosophers  Aristotle  Student of Plato  He becomes a teacher to Alexander the Great  Teaches “The Golden Mean”  The middle between two extremes  Live life in moderation  Writes the book “Politics”  Describes three forms of Greek governments (Monarchy, Oligarchy and Democracy)  Argues that the best government would combine all three types into one.

11. New History and Science Ideas  Herodotus  Wrote history of Persian Wars  Mixed facts with myth  Thucydides  General during the Peloponnesian War  Wrote a history of the war  He got firsthand accounts of the war from those who fought it  Did not use myths or gods to explain events Herodotus and I helped make this class possible. You’re welcome.

12. New History and Science Ideas  Thales (Scientist)  Studied the world around him through observation  Developed theories and tested them through experimentation  Used logic to solve problems  Measured the height of the Great Pyramid of Giza by measuring its shadow  Pythagoras (Mathematician)  Believed the world could be understood through numbers  Known for Pythagorean Theorem

13. New History and Science Ideas  Hippocrates  Doctor in ancient Greece  Known as the “father of medicine”  Believed diseases were caused naturally and not by spirits  The Hippocratic Oath is named for him  Doctor’s today still take the oath and swear to “do no harm.”

14. Review Questions: answer in your notes  Why might Plato have come to dislike Athenian-style democracy?  How did the study of philosophy encourage other advances in ancient Greece?  Why might Socrates be considered a martyr?  How does Socrates connect to Alexander the Great?  Why might Plato’s Republic be called a utopia?