1. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Is a Play? CHAPTER TWO

2. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-2 What is a Play? A play is the basic unit of theatre-it is essentiall “what happens” in theatre –It is not a thing –It is an event The event of the play is action surrounding a conflict: drama frames and focuses action around a conflict that lends it meaning and significance Conflict is a struggle between two opposing forces Conflicts are usually four basic types: man vs man, man vs nature, man vs society, man vs self Some also classify certain conflicts as man vs gods or fate

3. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-3 What is a Play? –The word drama derives from the Greek dran: “something done” –Drama is “what is done” in the theatre –It also refer to the literature of theatre Written plays have existed for 2500 years Theatre is the place, the people & the plays in performance, the occupation Drama is the literature, the written play Unlike other forms of literature, it is not fully realized or complete in written form but achieves full power only in performance.

4. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-4 Understanding Plays Plays can be classified by duration –“full – length play” lasts 2 to 3 hours and the “well-made play” as defined by Henrik Ibsen was nearly always a three act play –Plays were performed between lunch and dinner or dinner and bedtime and that was the time available –Shakespeare said the 3 hours betwixt supper and bed time in Midsummer and “two hours traffic of our stage” in Romeo and Juliet

5. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-5 Duration of Plays Average running time of Broadway “straight plays” is 2 hours and 1 minute Average running time of Broadway musicals is 2 hours and 26 minutes But one-act plays can be an hour or even just ten minutes long and are sometimes combined to make a full evening’s entertainment. Samuel Beckett’s Breath can be performed in 1 minute.

6. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-6 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=io_scJbhCOY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xifO2NIXVQ

7. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-7 Duration of Plays Plays can be much longer than 2-3 hours Tom Stoppards Coast of Utopia

8. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-8 Peter Brook’s Mahabharata

9. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-9 Tony Kushner’s Angels in America

10. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-10 Robert Wilson’s Ka Mountain ran over 168 continuous hours!

11. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-11 Understanding Plays Plays can be classified in another way that most critics consider more relevant than duration –According to genre (derived from the Old French word meaning “kind”) What type of play is it? -They can also be analyzed according to structure (will describe this later)

12. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-12 Play Genres We classify plays according to genre –A play’s genre is its type –Discerning a play’s genre is subjective Scholars and critics can still disagree Two major genres of plays –Comedies –Tragedies Seemingly infinite other genres –Melodramas, histories, musicals, etc.

13. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-13 Aristotle The first major genre classification was by Aristotle –Ancient Greek philosopher (384-322 B.C.) –In Poetics (335 B.C.) divided plays into comedies and tragedies Most influential work of theatre criticism in Western history Principles remain core building blocks in writing for theatre and film

14. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-14 Tragedy A profoundly serious play In the Poetics Aristotle used Oedipus Rex (The King) as his primary example

15. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-15 According to Aristotle, tragedy tells a story that: –centers on a person of high rank or stature, protagonist Who possesses a tragic flaw (hamartia)- that leads to reversal and self-recognition Who undergoes a decline or change in fortune Results in suffering & death or demise Elicits pity and terror from the audience The audience then purges these emotions (catharis; through empathy/identification with the protagonist)

16. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-16 Tragedy Struggle, self-recognition and catharsis central to tragic drama.Oedipus struggles against his flaw; pride (hubris) which prevents him from seeing his errors and results in him stabbing his own eyes.

17. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-17 Tragedy Hamartia—mistake or error in judgement; personality defect or “tragic flaw”

18. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-18 Tragedy Protagonist (Greek: carrier of the action) Antagonist (opposer of the action) Ultimately, it is their tragedy and we experience relief at conclusion

19. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-19 Modern Tragedy? Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman Tried to establish that tragedy can exist with protagonist of “low rank” Audience must decide; classification is opinion, not science

20. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-20 Comedy Comedy, on the other hand –Humorously addresses topical and timely situations; about ordinary life and people and thus usually lose popularity sooner (less universal –Full stage chases, mistaken identities, lovers hiding in closets and under tables, sexual puns, switched potions, clever disquises (often transgender), misheard instructions and physical buffoonery

21. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-21 Classic or Timeless Comedy –Depends on acute human observation Great comedies can transcend their timeliness and may have scenes as tragic as many classical tragedies Shakespeare, Moliere, Aristophanes, etc

22. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-22 History Play Originated with Shakespeare who wrote plays based on the lives of English Royalty (often to honor them and gain their patronage) Shaw’s Saint Joan, Brecht’s Galileo, Alan Bennett’s Madness of King George Led to the “documentary drama” of modern film & theatre

23. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-23 History Play  Docudrama Come Hell and Highwater (about Hurricane Katrina) Plays about September 11 th that use court transcripts, oral histories and witness accounts, transcribed interviews, etc The Laramie Project ( final project option)

24. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-24 Tragicomedy Attempt to blend two original genres Treatment alternates from serious to humorous Hero lives at the end Tragedy that ends happily

25. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-25 Melodrama Popular in Victorian times (19 th century) Spectacular staging, flamboyant dialogue, highly suspenseful, contrived plotting (twins, long lost orphans, etc) Simple confrontation between good & evil Always ends happily (what is “deserved”) Today—almost always staged as parodies and played for laughs

26. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-26 Play Structure How the action of a play is structured is known as its dramaturgy Two primary ways to analyze dramaturgy: –The “vertical” axis What are the components of the play? –The “horizontal” axis What is the temporal experience of the play?

27. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-27 The Vertical Axis What are the components of a play? Aristotle broke down dramaturgy to six parts (from most to least important): –Plot, character, theme, diction, music, spectacle We can add a new component: –Convention

28. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-28 The Seven Components Plot –The structure of actions Character –The depth and quality of people Theme –Abstract intellectual content Diction –The character of the text Music –Orchestration of sonic palette (noise and music) Spectacle –The visual aspects of the stage Convention –The agreement of “rules” between audience and performers

29. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-29 The Horizontal Axis Plays occur over time –Plays exist as a shared experience The time of a play is divided into three groupings: –Preplay –Play –Postplay

30. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-30 The Preplay The preplay transitions into the world of the play. –It attracts the audience to the theatre. Historically: processions, flags, speeches Today: posters, billboards, advertisements –It shifts focus to the play Audience members are seated The audience becomes a community The preshow draws them in

31. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-31 The Play The event of the play is sequenced into four features: –Exposition Gives audience information and structure –Conflict Establishes character decisions and personality –Climax The extreme point of conflict –Denouement End of conflicts and possible resolution

32. © 2014 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-32 The Postplay The ending of the agreement between audience and performers A traditional element is the curtain call –The actors bow to applause –A recognition of shared experience The audience continues the postplay outside the theatre –They engage in discussions –Their behavior is affected –This practice is known as dramatic criticism.