1. Review - There are four common patterns of essay organization in English you should have learned: - There are four common patterns of essay organization in English you should have learned: 1. Chronological order 2. Logical division of ideas 3. Cause and effect 4. Comparison and contrast. With each pattern you use special transition With each pattern you use special transition signals and structure words. signals and structure words. There are still other ways of essay organization. There are still other ways of essay organization. For long essay or term papers, you may need to use a combination of patterns. For long essay or term papers, you may need to use a combination of patterns.

2. Quiz Write an essay on one of the following topics using a suitable Write an essay on one of the following topics using a suitable Generation Gap Generation Gap University of Palestine University of Palestine Learning English as a Foreign Language Learning English as a Foreign Language Communication Revolution Communication Revolution How to write an essay How to write an essay Internet in the 21 st Century Internet in the 21 st Century You are required to show all steps on paper. You are required to show all steps on paper.-

3. Punctuation Punctuation

4. Punctuation (p. 253- p. 261) 1. Commas 1. Commas 2. Semicolons 2. Semicolons 3. Colons 3. Colons 4. Quotation marks 4. Quotation marks

5. Punctuation 1. Commas Commas functions as: Commas functions as: 1. Introducers 1. Introducers 2. Co-ordinators 2. Co-ordinators 3. inserters 3. inserters 4. linkers 4. linkers

6. Punctuation 1. Commas Commas functions as: Commas functions as: 1. Introducers: 1. Introducers: e.g. Recently, the legislature banned smoking in public places. e.g. Recently, the legislature banned smoking in public places. _______, (main clause). _______, (main clause). 2. Coordinator 2. Coordinator Many people opposed the new law, but it finally passed. Many people opposed the new law, but it finally passed. Main clause___ (coordinating conjunction)__ Main clause Main clause___ (coordinating conjunction)__ Main clause

7. Punctuation 1. Commas Commas functions as: Commas functions as: 3. Inserter: 3. Inserter: Smallpox, once a widespread disease, is under control. Smallpox, once a widespread disease, is under control. Main ----------------------------------------clause Main ----------------------------------------clause 4. Linkers: 4. Linkers: e.g. (1): The word color is spelled colour in British English, for example. e.g. (1): The word color is spelled colour in British English, for example. Main Clause-----------------------------, ----------------. Main Clause-----------------------------, ----------------. e.g. (2): Cecile speaks English, French, Spanish, and Italian. e.g. (2): Cecile speaks English, French, Spanish, and Italian. -----------, ---------, ---------, -----------, ---------, ---------,

8. Punctuation 1. Commas See p. 254 & 256 for words used for different kinds of commas See practice I, p. 255

9. Punctuation semi - colons The semi-colon is more like a period than a comma. The semi-colon is more like a period than a comma. It is used between: It is used between: 1. Between two sentences that are closely connected in idea. 1. Between two sentences that are closely connected in idea. e.g. Alice is going to Harvard; she isn’t going to M. I. T.

10. Punctuation semi - colons It is used between: It is used between: 2. Before conjunctive adverbs and some traditional phrases. 2. Before conjunctive adverbs and some traditional phrases. Skiing is dangerous; nevertheless, hundreds of people ski. Skiing is dangerous; nevertheless, hundreds of people ski.

11. Punctuation semi - colons 3. Between items in a series if the items already contain commas. 3. Between items in a series if the items already contain commas. See p. 257 See p. 257

12. Colons: 1. Lists 1. Lists 2. Long quotations 2. Long quotations 3. Subtitles 3. Subtitles 4. Time 4. Time 5. Formal salutations 5. Formal salutations

13. Quotation marks

14. Parallelism (p. 168) Using similar grammatical structures to balance your writing. Using similar grammatical structures to balance your writing. If the first structure is a noun, make all the others nouns; if it is an infinitive verb phrase, make all of the others infinitive verb phrases; if it is a dependent clause, make all of the others dependent clauses. If the first structure is a noun, make all the others nouns; if it is an infinitive verb phrase, make all of the others infinitive verb phrases; if it is a dependent clause, make all of the others dependent clauses. with conjunctions (And, Or, But) with conjunctions (And, Or, But) Correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctions

15. Sentence Problems 1. Sentence Fragments 1. Sentence Fragments 2. Choppy Sentences 2. Choppy Sentences 3. Run-On sentences and Comma Splices 3. Run-On sentences and Comma Splices 4. Stringy Sentences 4. Stringy Sentences

16. Sentence Problems: Sentence fragments (p. 171) Sentence fragments are incomplete sentences or parts of sentences. Sentence fragments are incomplete sentences or parts of sentences. (A complete sentence must contain at least one main or independent clause) (A complete sentence must contain at least one main or independent clause) See p. 171 See p. 171

17. Sentence Problems: Choppy Sentence Choppy sentences are sentences that are too short. They are the result for using too many simple sentences. Choppy sentences are sentences that are too short. They are the result for using too many simple sentences. Although simple sentences are quite effective sometimes, overuse of them is considered poor style in academic writing. Although simple sentences are quite effective sometimes, overuse of them is considered poor style in academic writing. See, p. 173. See, p. 173.

18. Sentence Problems: Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices (p, 175) A run-on sentence is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses are written one after another with no punctuation. A run-on sentence is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses are written one after another with no punctuation. A similar error happens when two independent clauses are incorrectly joined by a comma without a coordinating conjunction A similar error happens when two independent clauses are incorrectly joined by a comma without a coordinating conjunction N.B This kind of error is also called a comma splice. N.B This kind of error is also called a comma splice. Comma Splice means joining end to end. Comma Splice means joining end to end.